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Displaying entries 51-100 of 142.
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EC | 4.2.3.105 | Relevance: 100% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | tricyclene synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | geranyl diphosphate = tricyclene + diphosphate | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of bornane and related monoterpenoids, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other name(s): | TPS3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; tricyclene-forming) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme from Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) gives a mixture of tricyclene, camphene, β-myrcene, limonene, and traces of several other monoterpenoids. See EC 4.2.3.117. (-)-camphene synthase, EC 4.2.3.15, myrcene synthase and EC 4.2.3.16, (4S)-limonene synthase. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.14.11.81 | Relevance: 99.8% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | (–)-cyclopenine synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | (1) cyclopeptine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = dehydrocyclopeptine + succinate + CO2 + H2O (2) dehydrocyclopeptine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = (–)-cyclopenine + succinate + CO2 |
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For diagram of cyclopeptine, cyclopenine and viridicatin biosynthesis, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | cyclopeptine = (3S)-3-benzyl-4-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione (–)-cyclopenine = (3S,3′R)-4-methyl-3′-phenyl-1H-spiro[1,4-benzodiazepine-3,2′-oxirane]-2,5-dione |
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Other name(s): | asqJ (gene name) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | cyclopeptine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase ((–)-cyclopenine-forming) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | This fungal enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of quinolone compounds. it catalyses two oxidation reactions: the first reaction results in a desaturation; the second reaction is a monooxygenation of the double bond, forming an epoxide. The enzyme is also active with 4′-methoxycyclopeptine. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 2.5.1.106 | Relevance: 99.4% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | tryprostatin B synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | prenyl diphosphate + brevianamide F = diphosphate + tryprostatin B | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of fumitremorgin alkaloid biosynthesis (part 1), click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | brevianamide F = (3S,8aS)-3-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione tryprostatin B = (3S,8aS)-3-{[2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methyl}hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione |
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Other name(s): | ftmPT1 (gene name); brevianamide F prenyltransferase (ambiguous); dimethylallyl-diphosphate:brevianamide-F dimethylallyl-C-2-transferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | prenyl-diphosphate:brevianamide-F prenyl-C-2-transferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus can also prenylate other tryptophan-containing cyclic dipeptides. Prenylation occurs mainly at C-2 [1], but also at C-3 [2]. Involved in the biosynthetic pathways of several indole alkaloids such as tryprostatins, cyclotryprostatins, spirotryprostatins, fumitremorgins and verruculogen. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.14.19.71 | Relevance: 97.9% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | fumitremorgin C synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | tryprostatin A + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = fumitremorgin C + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of fumitremorgin alkaloid biosynthesis (part 1), click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | tryprostatin A = (3S,8aS)-3-{[6-methoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methyl}hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione fumitremorgin C = (5aS,12S,14aS)-9-methoxy-12-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,2,3,5a,6,11,12,14a-octahydro-5H,14H-pyrrolo[1′′,2′′:4′,5′]pyrazino[1′,2′:1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-5,14-dione |
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Other name(s): | ftmE (gene name) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | tryprostatin A,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The protein from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus also has activity with tryprostatin B forming demethoxyfumitremorgin C. Involved in the biosynthetic pathways of several indole alkaloids such as fumitremorgins and verruculogen. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 3.1.1.94 | Relevance: 97.7% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | versiconal hemiacetal acetate esterase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | (1) versiconal hemiacetal acetate + H2O = versiconal + acetate (2) versiconol acetate + H2O = versiconol + acetate |
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For diagram of aflatoxin biosynthesis (part 2), click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | versiconal = (2S,3S)-2,4,6,8-tetrahydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)anthra[2,3-b]furan-5,10-dione versiconal hemiacetal acetate = 2-[(2S,3S)-2,4,6,8-tetrahydroxy-5,10-dioxo-5,10-dihydroanthra[2,3-b]furan-3-yl]ethyl acetate versiconol = 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-3-[(2S)-1,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]anthracene-5,10-dione versiconol acetate = (3S)-4-hydroxy-3-[1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-2-yl]butyl acetate |
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Other name(s): | VHA esterase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | versiconal-hemiacetal-acetate O-acetylhydrolase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | Isolated from the mold Aspergillus parasiticus. Involved in a metabolic grid that leads to aflatoxin biosynthesis. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.14.11.38 | Relevance: 97.5% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | verruculogen synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | fumitremorgin B + 2-oxoglutarate + 2 O2 + reduced acceptor = verruculogen + succinate + CO2 + H2O + acceptor | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of fumitremorgin alkaloid biosynthesis (part 2), click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | fumitremorgin B = (5aR,6S,12S,14aS)-5a,6-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-11-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-12-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,2,3,5a,6,11,12,14a-octahydro-5H,14H-pyrrolo[1′′,2′′:4′,5′]pyrazino[1′,2′:1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-5,14-dione verruculogen = (5R,10S,10aR,14aS,15bS)-10,10a-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-5-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,10,10a,14,14a,15b-hexahydro-12H-3,4-dioxa-5a,11a,15a-triazacycloocta[1,2,3-lm]indeno[5,6-b]fluorene-11,15(2H,13H)-dione |
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Other name(s): | fmtF (gene name); FmtOx1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | fumitremorgin B,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (verruculogen-forming) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | Requires Fe2+ and ascorbate. Found in the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Both atoms of a dioxygen molecule are incorporated into verruculogen [1,2]. Involved in the biosynthetic pathways of several indole alkaloids such as fumitremorgin A. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 2.5.1.109 | Relevance: 97.2% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | brevianamide F prenyltransferase (deoxybrevianamide E-forming) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | prenyl diphosphate + brevianamide F = diphosphate + deoxybrevianamide E | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of fumitremorgin alkaloid biosynthesis (part 1), click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | brevianamide F = (3S,8aS)-3-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione deoxybrevianamide E = (3S,8aS)-3-{[2-(2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methyl}-octahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]piperazine-1,4-dione |
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Other name(s): | NotF; BrePT; brevianamide F reverse prenyltransferase; dimethylallyl-diphosphate:brevianamide-F tert-dimethylallyl-C-2-transferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | prenyl-diphosphate:brevianamide-F 2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl-C-2-transferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme from the fungus Aspergilus sp. MF297-2 is specific for brevianamide F [1], while the enzyme from Aspergillus versicolor accepts a broad range of trytophan-containing cyclic dipeptides [2]. Involved in the biosynthetic pathways of several indole alkaloids such as paraherquamides and malbrancheamides. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 4.2.3.6 | Relevance: 97.1% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | trichodiene synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = trichodiene + diphosphate | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of biosynthesis of bicyclic sesquiterpenoids derived from bisabolyl cation, click here and for diagram of trichodiene and (–)-α-cuprenene biosynthesis, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other name(s): | trichodiene synthetase; sesquiterpene cyclase; trans,trans-farnesyl-diphosphate sesquiterpenoid-lyase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, trichodiene-forming) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 101915-76-8 | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.14.13.104 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Transferred entry: | (+)-menthofuran synthase. Now EC 1.14.14.143, (+)-menthofuran synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
EC | 1.3.99.25 | Relevance: 96% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | carvone reductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | (1) (+)-dihydrocarvone + acceptor = (–)-carvone + reduced acceptor (2) (–)-isodihydrocarvone + acceptor = (+)-carvone + reduced acceptor |
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For diagram of (–)-carvone catabolism, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | (+)-dihydrocarvone = (1S,4R)-menth-8-en-2-one (+)-isodihydrocarvone = (1S,4R)-menth-8-en-2-one (–)-carvone = (4R)-mentha-1(6),8-dien-6-one = (5R)-2-methyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one |
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Systematic name: | (+)-dihydrocarvone:acceptor 1,6-oxidoreductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | This enzyme participates in the carveol and dihydrocarveol degradation pathway of the Gram-positive bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14. The enzyme has not been purified, and requires an unknown cofactor, which is different from NAD+, NADP+ or a flavin. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 6.3.2.40 | Relevance: 96% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | cyclopeptine synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | 2 ATP + S-adenosyl-L-methionine + anthranilate + L-phenylalanine = cyclopeptine + 2 AMP + 2 diphosphate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of cyclopeptine, cyclopenine and viridicatin biosynthesis, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | cyclopeptine = (3S)-3-benzyl-4-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione 4′-methoxycyclopeptine = (3S)-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione |
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Systematic name: | S-adenosyl-L-methionine:anthranilate:L-phenylalanine ligase (cyclopeptine-forming) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | Cyclopeptine synthase is the key enzyme of benzodiazepine alkaloid biosynthesis in several fungi species. The enzyme is a non-ribosomal peptide synthase. It is also active with O-methyl-L-tyrosine forming 4′-methoxycyclopeptine. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 4.1.2.30 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Transferred entry: | 17α-hydroxyprogesterone aldolase. Now EC 1.14.14.32, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone deacetylase | |||||||||||||||||||||
EC | 1.14.13.177 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Transferred entry: | fumitremorgin C monooxygenase. Now EC 1.14.14.119, fumitremorgin C monooxygenase | |||||||||||||||||||||
EC | 1.14.13.175 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Transferred entry: | aflatoxin B synthase. Now EC 1.14.14.117, aflatoxin B synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
EC | 1.1.1.296 | Relevance: 95.2% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | dihydrocarveol dehydrogenase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | menth-8-en-2-ol + NAD+ = menth-8-en-2-one + NADH + H+ | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of (–)-carvone catabolism, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | (+)-dihydrocarveol = (1S,2S,4S)-menth-8-en-2-ol (+)-isodihydrocarveol = (1S,2S,4R)-menth-8-en-2-ol (+)-neoisodihydrocarveol = (1S,2R,4R)-menth-8-en-2-ol (–)-dihydrocarvone = (1S,4S)-menth-8-en-2-one (+)-isodihydrocarvone = (1S,4R)-menth-8-en-2-one |
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Other name(s): | carveol dehydrogenase (ambiguous) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | menth-8-en-2-ol:NAD+ oxidoreductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | This enzyme from the Gram-positive bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 forms part of the carveol and dihydrocarveol degradation pathway. The enzyme accepts all eight stereoisomers of menth-8-en-2-ol as substrate, although some isomers are converted faster than others. The preferred substrates are (+)-neoisodihydrocarveol, (+)-isodihydrocarveol, (+)-dihydrocarveol and (–)-isodihydrocarveol. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.14.99.58 | Relevance: 93.5% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | heme oxygenase (biliverdin-IX-β and δ-forming) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | (1) protoheme + 3 reduced acceptor + 3 O2 = biliverdin-IX-δ + CO + Fe2+ + 3 acceptor + 3 H2O (2) protoheme + 3 reduced acceptor + 3 O2 = biliverdin-IX-β + CO + Fe2+ + 3 acceptor + 3 H2O |
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For diagram of biliverdin biosynthesis, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | biliverdin-IX-β = 3,7-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-2,8,12,17-tetramethyl-13,18-divinylbilin-1,19(21H,24H)-dione biliverdin-IX-δ = 3,7-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-2,8,13,18-tetramethyl-12,17-divinylbilin-1,19(21H,24H)-dione |
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Other name(s): | pigA (gene name) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | protoheme,donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (biliverdin-IX-β and δ-forming) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, differs from EC 1.14.15.20, heme oxygenase (biliverdin-producing, ferredoxin), in that the heme substrate is rotated by approximately 110 degrees within the active site, resulting in cleavage at a different part of the ring. It forms a mixture of about 70% biliverdin-IX-δ and 30% biliverdin-IX-β. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.23.1.3 | Relevance: 92.1% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | (–)-pinoresinol reductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | (–)-lariciresinol + NADP+ = (–)-pinoresinol + NADPH + H+ | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of (–)-lariciresinol biosynthesis, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | (–)-lariciresinol = 4-[(2R,3S,4S)-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-2-methoxyphenol (–)-pinoresinol = (1R,3aS,4R,6aS)-4,4′-(tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan-1,4-diyl)bis(2-methoxyphenol) |
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Other name(s): | pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductase; pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases; (–)-pinoresinol-(–)-lariciresinol reductase; PLR | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | (–)-lariciresinol:NADP+ oxidoreductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The reaction is catalysed in vivo in the opposite direction to that shown. A multifunctional enzyme that usually further reduces the product to (+)-secoisolariciresinol [EC 1.23.1.4, (–)-lariciresinol reductase]. Isolated from the plants Thuja plicata (western red cedar) [1], Linum perenne (perennial flax) [2] and Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) [3]. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.1.1.328 | Relevance: 91.4% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | nicotine blue oxidoreductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | 3,3′-bipyridine-2,2′,5,5′,6,6′-hexol + NAD(P)+ = (E)-2,2′,5,5′-tetrahydroxy-6H,6′H-[3,3′-bipyridinylidene]-6,6′-dione + NAD(P)H + H+ | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of nicotine catabolism by arthrobacter, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | 3,3′-bipyridine-2,2′,5,5′,6,6′-hexol = nicotine blue leuco form (E)-2,2′,5,5′-tetrahydroxy-6H,6′H-[3,3′-bipyridinylidene]-6,6′-dione = nicotine blue |
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Other name(s): | nboR (gene name) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | 3,3′-bipyridine-2,2′,5,5′,6,6′-hexol:NADP+ 11-oxidoreductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme, characterized from the nicotine degrading bacterium Arthrobacter nicotinovorans, catalyses the reduction of "nicotine blue" to its hydroquinone form (the opposite direction from that shown). Nicotine blue is the name given to the compound formed by the autocatalytic condensation of two molecules of 2,3,6-trihydroxypyridine, an intermediate in the nicotine degradation pathway. The main role of the enzyme may be to prevent the intracellular formation of nicotine blue semiquinone radicals, which by redox cycling would lead to the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species. The enzyme possesses a slight preference for NADH over NADPH. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.14.13.54 | Relevance: 90.9% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | ketosteroid monooxygenase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | a ketosteroid + NADPH + H+ + O2 = a steroid ester/lactone + NADP+ + H2O (general reaction) (1) progesterone + NADPH + H+ + O2 = testosterone acetate + NADP+ + H2O (2) androstenedione + NADPH + H+ + O2 = testololactone + NADP+ + H2O (3) 17α-hydroxyprogesterone + NADPH + H+ + O2 = androstenedione + acetate + NADP+ + H2O |
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Glossary: | progesterone = pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione testosterone acetate = 3-oxoandrost-4-en-17β-yl acetate androstenedione = androst-4-ene-3,17-dione testololactone = 3-oxo-13,17-secoandrost-4-eno-17,13α-lactone 17α-hydroxyprogesterone = 17α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione |
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Other name(s): | steroid-ketone monooxygenase; progesterone, NADPH2:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating, ester-producing); 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, NADPH2:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating, side-chain cleaving); androstenedione, NADPH2:oxygen oxidoreductase (17-hydroxylating, lactonizing) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | ketosteroid,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating, ester-producing/20-hydroxylating, side-chain cleaving/17-hydroxylating, lactonizing) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | A single FAD-containing enzyme catalyses three types of monooxygenase (Baeyer-Villiger oxidation) reaction. The oxidative esterification of a number of derivatives of progesterone to produce the corresponding 17α-hydroxysteroid 17-acetate ester, such as testosterone acetate, is shown in Reaction (1). The oxidative lactonization of a number of derivatives of androstenedione to produce the 13,17-secoandrosteno-17,13α-lactone, such as testololactone, is shown in Reaction (2). The oxidative cleavage of the 17β-side-chain of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone to produce androstenedione and acetate is shown in Reaction (3). Reaction (1) is also catalysed by EC 1.14.99.4 (progesterone monooxygenase), and Reactions (2) and (3) correspond to that catalysed by EC 1.14.99.12 (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione monooxygenase). The possibility that a single enzyme is responsible for the reactions ascribed to EC 1.14.99.4 and EC 1.14.99.12 in other tissues cannot be excluded. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9044-53-5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.14.13.47 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Transferred entry: | (S)-limonene 3-monooxygenase. Now EC 1.14.14.99, (S)-limonene 3-monooxygenase | |||||||||||||||||||||
EC | 1.14.14.117 | Relevance: 90.3% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | aflatoxin B synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | (1) 8-O-methylsterigmatocystin + 2 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 O2 = aflatoxin B1 + 2 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + methanol + CO2 (2) 8-O-methyldihydrosterigmatocystin + 2 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 O2 = aflatoxin B2 + 2 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + methanol + CO2 |
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For diagram of aflatoxin biosynthesis (part 4), click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | aflatoxin B1 = (6aR,9aS)-4-methoxy-2,3,6a,9a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3′,2′:4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione aflatoxin B2 = (6aR,9aS)-4-methoxy-2,3,6a,8,9,9a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3′,2′:4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione 8-O-methylsterigmatocystin = 6,8-dimethoxy-3a,12c-dihydrofuro[3′,2′:4,5]furo[2,3-c]xanthen-7-one 8-O-methyldihydrosterigmatocystin = 6,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3a,12c-tetrahydrofuro[3′,2′:4,5]furo[2,3-c]xanthen-7-one |
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Other name(s): | ordA (gene name) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | 8-O-methylsterigmatocystin,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (aflatoxin-B-forming) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. Isolated from the mold Aspergillus parasiticus. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 3.1.1.83 | Relevance: 90.1% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | monoterpene ε-lactone hydrolase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | (1) isoprop(en)ylmethyloxepan-2-one + H2O = 6-hydroxyisoprop(en)ylmethylhexanoate (general reaction) (2) 4-isopropenyl-7-methyloxepan-2-one + H2O = 6-hydroxy-3-isopropenylheptanoate (3) 7-isopropyl-4-methyloxepan-2-one + H2O = 6-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanoate |
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For diagram of (–)-carvone catabolism, click here and for diagram of menthol biosynthesis, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other name(s): | MLH | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | isoprop(en)ylmethyloxepan-2-one lactonohydrolase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme catalyses the ring opening of ε-lactones which are formed during degradation of dihydrocarveol by the Gram-positive bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14. The enzyme also acts on ethyl caproate, indicating that it is an esterase with a preference for lactones (internal cyclic esters). The enzyme is not stereoselective. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 2.3.1.230 | Relevance: 89.8% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | 2-heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | octanoyl-CoA + (2-aminobenzoyl)acetate = 2-heptyl-4-quinolone + CoA + CO2 + H2O (overall reaction) (1a) octanoyl-CoA + L-cysteinyl-[PqsC protein] = S-octanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[PqsC protein] + CoA (1b) S-octanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[PqsC protein] + (2-aminobenzoyl)acetate = 1-(2-aminophenyl)decane-1,3-dione + CO2 + L-cysteinyl-[PqsC protein] (1c) 1-(2-aminophenyl)decane-1,3-dione = 2-heptyl-4-quinolone + H2O |
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Glossary: | 2-heptyl-4-quinolone = 2-heptylquinolin-4(1H)-one | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other name(s): | pqsBC (gene names); malonyl-CoA:anthraniloyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (decarboxylating) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | octanoyl-CoA:(2-aminobenzoyl)acetate octanoyltransferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is a heterodimeric complex. The PqsC subunit acquires an octanoyl group from octanoyl-CoA and attaches it to an internal cysteine residue. Together with the PqsB subunit, the proteins catalyse the coupling of the octanoyl group with (2-aminobenzoyl)acetate, leading to decarboxylation and dehydration events that result in closure of the quinoline ring. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.14.14.119 | Relevance: 89.8% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | fumitremorgin C monooxygenase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | fumitremorgin C + 2 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 O2 = 12α,13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C + 2 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of fumitremorgin alkaloid biosynthesis (part 2), click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | fumitremorgin C = (5aS,12S,14aS)-9-methoxy-12-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,2,3,5a,6,11,12,14a-octahydro-5H,14H-pyrrolo[1′′,2′′:4′,5′]pyrazino[1′,2′:1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-5,14-dione 12α,13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin = (5aR,6S,12S,14aS)-5a,6-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-12-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,2,3,5a,6,11,12,14a-octahydro-5H,14H-pyrrolo[1′′,2′′:4′,5′]pyrazino[1′,2′:1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-5,14-dione |
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Other name(s): | ftmG (gene name) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | fumitremorgin C,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (12α,13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C-forming) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. Involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the indole alkaloid verruculogen. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.14.99.57 | Relevance: 89.6% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | heme oxygenase (mycobilin-producing) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | (1) protoheme + 3 reduced acceptor + 3 O2 = mycobilin a + Fe2+ + 3 acceptor + 3 H2O (2) protoheme + 3 reduced acceptor + 3 O2 = mycobilin b + Fe2+ + 3 acceptor + 3 H2O |
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For diagram of mycobilin biosynthesis, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | mycobilin a = 8,12-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-19-formyl-3,7,13,18-tetramethyl-3,17-divinylbiladiene-ab-1,15(21H)-dione mycobilin b = 8,12-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-19-formyl-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-3,18-divinylbiladiene-ab-1,15(21H)-dione |
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Other name(s): | mhuD (gene name) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | protoheme,donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (mycobilin-producing) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is involved in heme degradation and iron utilization. The enzyme binds two stacked protoheme molecules per monomer. Unlike the canonical heme oxygenases, the enzyme does not release carbon monoxide or formaldehyde. Instead, it forms unique products, named mycobilins, that retain the α-meso-carbon at the ring cleavage site as an aldehyde group. EC 1.6.2.4, NADPH-hemoprotein reductase, can act as electron donor in vitro. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 2.5.1.77 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Transferred entry: | 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin synthase. Now EC 2.5.1.147, 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil—L-tyrosine 4-methylphenol transferase and EC 4.3.1.32, 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin synthase. | |||||||||||||||||||||
EC | 1.14.13.48 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Transferred entry: | (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase. Now classified as EC 1.14.14.51, (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase | |||||||||||||||||||||
EC | 1.14.99.63 | Relevance: 88.5% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | β-carotene 4-ketolase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | (1) β-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 = echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O (2) echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 = canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O |
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For diagram of canthaxanthin biosynthesis, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | echinenone = β,β-caroten-4-one canthaxanthin = β,β-carotene-4,4′-dione zeaxanthin = β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol astaxanthin = 3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4′-dione |
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Other name(s): | BKT (ambiguous); β-C-4 oxygenase; β-carotene ketolase; crtS (gene name); crtW (gene name) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | β-carotene,donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (echinenone-forming) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme, studied from algae, plants, fungi, and bacteria, adds an oxo group at position 4 of a carotenoid β ring. It is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids such as astaxanthin and flexixanthin. The enzyme does not act on β rings that are hydroxylated at position 3, such as in zeaxanthin (cf. EC 1.14.99.64, zeaxanthin 4-ketolase). The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifuntional and also catalyses the activity of EC 1.14.15.24, β-carotene 3-hydroxylase. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 5.5.1.8 | Relevance: 88.4% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | geranyl diphosphate = (+)-bornyl diphosphate | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of bornane and related monoterpenoids, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | (+)-bornyl diphosphate = (1R,2S,4R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl diphosphate | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other name(s): | bornyl pyrophosphate synthase (ambiguous); bornyl pyrophosphate synthetase (ambiguous); (+)-bornylpyrophosphate cyclase; geranyl-diphosphate cyclase (ambiguous); (+)-bornyl-diphosphate lyase (decyclizing) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | (+)-bornyl-diphosphate lyase (ring-opening) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | Requires Mg2+. The enzyme from Salvia officinalis (sage) can also use (3R)-linalyl diphosphate or more slowly neryl diphosphate in vitro [3]. The reaction proceeds via isomeration of geranyl diphosphate to (3R)-linalyl diphosphate. The oxygen and phosphorus originally linked to C-1 of geranyl diphosphate end up linked to C-2 of (+)-bornyl diphosphate [3]. cf. EC 5.5.1.22 [(–)-bornyl diphosphate synthase]. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 72668-91-8 | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 2.5.1.107 | Relevance: 87.7% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | verruculogen prenyltransferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | prenyl diphosphate + verruculogen = diphosphate + fumitremorgin A | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of fumitremorgin alkaloid biosynthesis (part 2), click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | prenyl diphosphate = dimethylallyl diphosphate verruculogen = (5R,10S,10aR,14aS,15bS)-10,10a-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-5-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,10,10a,14,14a,15b-hexahydro-12H-3,4-dioxa-5a,11a,15a-triazacycloocta[1,2,3-lm]indeno[5,6-b]fluorene-11,15(2H,13H)-dione fumitremorgin A = (5R,10S,10aR,14aS,15bS)-10a-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-10-[(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxy]-5-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,10,10a,14,14a,15b-hexahydro-12H-3,4-dioxa-5a,11a,15a-triazacycloocta[1,2,3-lm]indeno[5,6-b]fluorene-11,15(H,13H)-dione |
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Other name(s): | FtmPT3; dimethylallyl-diphosphate:verruculogen dimethylallyl-O-transferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | prenyl-diphosphate:verruculogen dimethylallyl-O-transferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | Found in a number of fungi. Catalyses the last step in the biosynthetic pathway of the indole alkaloid fumitremorgin A. The enzyme from the fungus Neosartorya fischeri is also active with fumitremorgin B and 12α,13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.14.13.49 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Transferred entry: | (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase. Now classified as EC 1.14.14.52, (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase | |||||||||||||||||||||
EC | 2.5.1.110 | Relevance: 87.5% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | 12α,13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C prenyltransferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | prenyl diphosphate + 12α,13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C = diphosphate + fumitremorgin B | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of fumitremorgin alkaloid biosynthesis (part 2), click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | 12α,13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin = (5aR,6S,12S,14aS)-5a,6-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-12-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,2,3,5a,6,11,12,14a-octahydro-5H,14H-pyrrolo[1′′,2′′:4′,5′]pyrazino[1′,2′:1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-5,14-dione fumitremorgin B = (5aR,6S,12S,14aS)-5a,6-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-11-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-12-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,2,3,5a,6,11,12,14a-octahydro-5H,14H-pyrrolo[1′′,2′′:4′,5′]pyrazino[1′,2′:1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-5,14-dione |
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Other name(s): | ftmH (gene name); FtmPT2; dimethylallyl-diphosphate:12α,13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C dimethylallyl-N-1-transferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | prenyl-diphosphate:12α,13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C prenyl-N-1-transferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus also shows some activity with fumitremorgin C. Involved in the biosynthetic pathways of several indole alkaloids such as fumitremorgins and verruculogen. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 5.5.1.22 | Relevance: 87% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | (–)-bornyl diphosphate synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | geranyl diphosphate = (–)-bornyl diphosphate | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of bornane and related monoterpenoids, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | (–)-bornyl diphosphate = (2R,4S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl diphosphate | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other name(s): | bornyl pyrophosphate synthase (ambiguous); bornyl pyrophosphate synthetase (ambiguous); (–)-bornyl pyrophosphate cyclase; bornyl diphosphate synthase; geranyl-diphosphate cyclase (ambiguous); (–)-bornyl-diphosphate lyase (decyclizing) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | (–)-bornyl-diphosphate lyase (ring-opening) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | Requires Mg2+. The enzyme from Tanacetum vulgare (tansy) can also use (3S)-linalyl diphosphate or more slowly neryl diphosphate in vitro. The reaction proceeds via isomeration of geranyl diphosphate to (3S)-linalyl diphosphate [3]. The oxygen and phosphorus originally linked to C-1 of geranyl diphosphate end up linked to C-2 of (–)-bornyl diphosphate [4]. cf. EC 5.5.1.8 (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 110639-17-3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 2.1.1.225 | Relevance: 86.2% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | tRNA:m4X modification enzyme | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | (1) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cytidine4 in tRNAPro = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2′-O-methylcytidine4 in tRNAPro (2) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cytidine4 in tRNAGly(GCC) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2′-O-methylcytidine4 in tRNAGly(GCC) (3) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenosine4 in tRNAHis = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2′-O-methyladenosine4 in tRNAHis |
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For diagram of bornane and related monoterpenoids, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other name(s): | TRM13; Trm13p; tRNA:Xm4 modification enzyme | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tRNAPro/His/Gly(GCC) (cytidine/adenosine4-2′-O)-methyltransferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2′-O-methylates cytidine4 in tRNAPro and tRNAGly(GCC), and adenosine4 in tRNAHis. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.1.3.14 | Relevance: 83.3% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | catechol oxidase (dimerizing) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | 4 catechol + 3 O2 = 2 dibenzo[1,4]dioxin-2,3-dione + 6 H2O | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of reaction, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | catechol:oxygen oxidoreductase (dimerizing) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37250-83-2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 2.4.1.278 | Relevance: 83.1% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | 3-α-mycarosylerythronolide B desosaminyl transferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | dTDP-D-desosamine + 3-α-L-mycarosylerythronolide B = dTDP + erythromycin D | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of erythromycin biosynthesis, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | dTDP-D-desosamine = dTDP-3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-α-D-xylo-hexopyranose erythromycin D = (3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9R,11R,12S,13R,14R)-4-(2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-α-L-ribo-hexopyranosyloxy)-14-ethyl-7,12-dihydroxy-6-[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-β-D-xylo-hexopyranosyloxy]-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyloxacyclotetradecane-2,10-dione 3-O-α-mycarosylerythronolide B = (3R,4S,5R,6R,7R,9R,11R,12S,13R,14R)-4-(2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-α-L-ribo-hexopyranosyloxy)-14-ethyl-6,7,12-trihydroxy-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyloxacyclotetradecane-2,10-dione |
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Other name(s): | EryCIII; dTDP-3-dimethylamino-4,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranose:3-α-mycarosylerythronolide B 3-dimethylamino-4,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucosyltransferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | dTDP-3-dimethylamino-3,4,6-trideoxy-α-D-glucopyranose:3-α-mycarosylerythronolide B 3-dimethylamino-3,4,6-trideoxy-β-D-glucosyltransferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme is involved in erythromycin biosynthesis. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 2.1.1.292 | Relevance: 82.9% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | carminomycin 4-O-methyltransferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | S-adenosyl-L-methionine + carminomycin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + daunorubicin | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of daunorubicin biosynthesis, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | daunorubicin = (+)-daunomycin = (8S,10S)-8-acetyl-10-[(2S,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-6,8,11-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-9,10-dihydro-7H-tetracene-5,12-dione carminomycin = (1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,10,12-tetrahydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside = (1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,10,12-tetrahydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydronaphthacen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside carubicin = (1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside = (8S,10S)-8-acetyl-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-6,8,11-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydronaphthacene-5,12-dione |
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Other name(s): | DnrK; DauK | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | S-adenosyl-L-methionine:carminomycin 4-O-methyltransferase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzymes from the Gram-positive bacteria Streptomyces sp. C5 and Streptomyces peucetius are involved in the biosynthesis of the anthracycline daunorubicin. In vitro the enzyme from Streptomyces sp. C5 also catalyses the 4-O-methylation of 13-dihydrocarminomycin, rhodomycin D and 10-carboxy-13-deoxycarminomycin [3]. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.1.99.26 | Relevance: 81.6% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | 3-hydroxycyclohexanone dehydrogenase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | 3-hydroxycyclohexanone + acceptor = cyclohexane-1,3-dione + reduced acceptor | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | 3-hydroxycyclohexanone:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | 2,6-Dichloroindophenol and methylene blue can act as acceptors. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 123516-44-9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.1.1.63 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Transferred entry: | testosterone 17β-dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.1.1.239, 3α(17β)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) | |||||||||||||||||||||
EC | 1.3.1.80 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Transferred entry: | red chlorophyll catabolite reductase. Now classified as EC 1.3.7.12, red chlorophyll catabolite reductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
EC | 3.5.4.32 | Relevance: 78.5% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | 8-oxoguanine deaminase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | 8-oxoguanine + H2O = urate + NH3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | 8-oxoguanine = 2-amino-7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-6,8-dione | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other name(s): | 8-OGD | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | 8-oxoguanine aminohydrolase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | Zn2+ is bound in the active site. 8-Oxoguanine is formed via the oxidation of guanine within DNA by reactive oxygen species. If uncorrected, this modification leads to the incorporation of 8-oxoG:A mismatches and eventually to G:C to T:A transversions. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 3.5.2.20 | Relevance: 78.3% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | isatin hydrolase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | isatin + H2O = isatinate | |||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | isatin = 1H-indole-2,3-dione isatinate = 2-(2-aminophenyl)-2-oxoacetate |
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Systematic name: | isatin amidohydrolase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | Requires Mn2+. This enzyme, found in several bacterial species, is involved in the degradation of indole-3-acetic acid. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 3.5.4.21 | Relevance: 78.1% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | creatinine deaminase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | creatinine + H2O = N-methylhydantoin + NH3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of creatine biosynthesis, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | N-methylhydantoin = N-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other name(s): | creatinine hydrolase; creatinine desiminase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | creatinine iminohydrolase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37289-15-9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.14.13.105 | Relevance: 76.2% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | monocyclic monoterpene ketone monooxygenase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | (1) (–)-menthone + NADPH + H+ + O2 = (4R,7S)-7-isopropyl-4-methyloxepan-2-one + NADP+ + H2O (2) dihydrocarvone + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 4-isopropenyl-7-methyloxepan-2-one + NADP+ + H2O (3) (iso)-dihydrocarvone + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 6-isopropenyl-3-methyloxepan-2-one + NADP+ + H2O (4a) 1-hydroxymenth-8-en-2-one + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 7-hydroxy-4-isopropenyl-7-methyloxepan-2-one + NADP+ + H2O (4b) 7-hydroxy-4-isopropenyl-7-methyloxepan-2-one = 3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate (spontaneous) |
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For diagram of (–)-carvone catabolism, click here, for diagram of limonene catabolism, click here and for diagram of menthol biosynthesis, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other name(s): | 1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene 1,2-monooxygenase; dihydrocarvone 1,2-monooxygenase; MMKMO | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | (–)-menthone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | A flavoprotein (FAD). This Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase enzyme from the Gram-positive bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 has wide substrate specificity, catalysing the lactonization of a large number of monocyclic monoterpene ketones and substituted cyclohexanones [2]. Both (1R,4S)- and (1S,4R)-1-hydroxymenth-8-en-2-one are metabolized, with the lactone product spontaneously rearranging to form 3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate [1]. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.3.7.12 | Relevance: 75.5% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | red chlorophyll catabolite reductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of chlorophyll catabolism, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | red chlorophyll catabolite = RCC = (7S,8S,101R)-8-(2-carboxyethyl)-17-ethyl-19-formyl-101-(methoxycarbonyl)-3,7,13,18-tetramethyl-2-vinyl-8,23-dihydro-7H-10,12-ethanobiladiene-ab-1,102(21H)-dione primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite = pFCC = (82R,12S,13S)-12-(2-carboxyethyl)-3-ethyl-1-formyl-82-(methoxycarbonyl)-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-18-vinyl-12,13-dihydro-8,10-ethanobilene-b-81,19(16H)-dione |
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Other name(s): | RCCR; RCC reductase; red Chl catabolite reductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite:ferredoxin oxidoreductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme participates in chlorophyll degradation, which occurs during leaf senescence and fruit ripening in higher plants. The reaction requires reduced ferredoxin, which is generated from NADPH produced either through the pentose-phosphate pathway or by the action of photosystem I [1,2]. This reaction takes place while red chlorophyll catabolite is still bound to EC 1.14.15.17, pheophorbide a oxygenase [3]. Depending on the plant species used as the source of enzyme, one of two possible C-1 epimers of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite (pFCC), pFCC-1 or pFCC-2, is normally formed, with all genera or species within a family producing the same isomer [3,4]. After modification and export, pFCCs are eventually imported into the vacuole, where the acidic environment causes their non-enzymic conversion into colourless breakdown products called non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) [2]. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.1.1.321 | Relevance: 74.3% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | benzil reductase [(R)-benzoin forming] | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | (R)-benzoin + NADP+ = benzil + NADPH + H+ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | (R)-benzoin = (2R)-2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone benzil = 1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-dione |
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Systematic name: | (R)-benzoin:NADP+ oxidoreductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme from the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae is able to reduce enantioselectively only one of the two carbonyl groups of benzil to give optically active (R)-benzoin. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.14.99.4 | Relevance: 74.2% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | progesterone monooxygenase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | progesterone + reduced acceptor + O2 = testosterone acetate + acceptor + H2O | |||||||||||||||||||||
Other name(s): | progesterone hydroxylase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | progesterone,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | Has a wide specificity. A single enzyme from ascomycete the Neonectria radicicola (EC 1.14.13.54 ketosteroid monooxygenase) catalyses both this reaction and that catalysed by EC 1.14.99.12 androst-4-ene-3,17-dione monooxygenase. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37256-85-2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.13.11.81 | Relevance: 72.2% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | 7,8-dihydroneopterin oxygenase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | 7,8-dihydroneopterin + O2 = 7,8-dihydroxanthopterin + formate + glycolaldehyde | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of methanopterin biosynthesis (part 1), click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Glossary: | 7,8-dihydroneopterin = 2-amino-6-[(1S,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]-7,8-dihydropteridin-4(3H)-one 7,8-dihydroxanthopterin = 2-amino-3,5,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4,6-dione |
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Systematic name: | 7,8-dihydroneopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Comments: | The enzyme from the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis is multifunctional and also catalyses the epimerisation of the 2′-hydroxy group of 7,8-dihydroneopterin (EC 5.1.99.8, 7,8-dihydroneopterin epimerase) and the reaction of EC 4.1.2.25 (dihydroneopterin aldolase). | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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EC | 1.14.13.87 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Transferred entry: | licodione synthase. Now EC 1.14.14.140, licodione synthase | |||||||||||||||||||||
EC | 1.1.1.278 | Relevance: 71.4% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accepted name: | 3β-hydroxy-5α-steroid dehydrogenase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Reaction: | 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnane-20-one + NADP+ = 5α-pregnan-3,20-dione + NADPH + H+ | |||||||||||||||||||||
For diagram of reaction, click here | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Systematic name: | 3β-hydroxy-5α-steroid:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase | |||||||||||||||||||||
Links to other databases: | BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 58875-02-8 | |||||||||||||||||||||
References: |
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