ExplorEnz: EC 1.14.15.24

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1.14.15.24

Accepted name:

β-carotene 3-hydroxylase

Reaction:

β-carotene + 4 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H⁺ + 2 O₂ = zeaxanthin + 4 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H₂O (overall reaction)
(1a) β-carotene + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H⁺ + O₂ = β-cryptoxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H₂O
(1b) β-cryptoxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H⁺ + O₂ = zeaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H₂O

For diagram of lutein biosynthesis, click here and for diagram of zeaxanthin biosynthesis, click here

Other name(s):

β-carotene 3,3′-monooxygenase; CrtZ

Systematic name:

β-carotene,reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster:oxygen 3-oxidoreductase

Comments:

Requires ferredoxin and iron(II). Also acts on other carotenoids with a β-end group. In some species canthaxanthin is the preferred substrate.

Links to other databases:

BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc

References:

1.	Sun, Z., Gantt, E. and Cunningham, F.X., Jr. Cloning and functional analysis of the β-carotene hydroxylase of Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 24349–24352. [DOI] [PMID: 8798688]
2.	Fraser, P.D., Miura, Y. and Misawa, N. In vitro characterization of astaxanthin biosynthetic enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 6128–6135. [DOI] [PMID: 9045623]
3.	Fraser, P.D., Shimada, H. and Misawa, N. Enzymic confirmation of reactions involved in routes to astaxanthin formation, elucidated using a direct substrate in vitro assay. Eur. J. Biochem. 252 (1998) 229–236. [DOI] [PMID: 9523693]
4.	Bouvier, F., Keller, Y., d'Harlingue, A. and Camara, B. Xanthophyll biosynthesis: molecular and functional characterization of carotenoid hydroxylases from pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1391 (1998) 320–328. [DOI] [PMID: 9555077]
5.	Linden, H. Carotenoid hydroxylase from Haematococcus pluvialis: cDNA sequence, regulation and functional complementation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1446 (1999) 203–212. [DOI] [PMID: 10524195]
6.	Zhu, C., Yamamura, S., Nishihara, M., Koiwa, H. and Sandmann, G. cDNAs for the synthesis of cyclic carotenoids in petals of Gentiana lutea and their regulation during flower development. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1625 (2003) 305–308. [DOI] [PMID: 12591618]
7.	Choi, S.K., Matsuda, S., Hoshino, T., Peng, X. and Misawa, N. Characterization of bacterial β-carotene 3,3′-hydroxylases, CrtZ, and P₄₅₀ in astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway and adonirubin production by gene combination in Escherichia coli. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 72 (2006) 1238–1246. [DOI] [PMID: 16614859]

[EC 1.14.15.24 created 2011 as EC 1.14.13.129, transferred 2017 to EC 1.14.15.24]