ExplorEnz: EC 1.14.15.17

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1.14.15.17

Accepted name:

pheophorbide a oxygenase

Reaction:

pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H⁺ + O₂ = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster (overall reaction)
(1a) pheophorbide a + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H⁺ + O₂ = epoxypheophorbide a + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H₂O
(1b) epoxypheophorbide a + H₂O = red chlorophyll catabolite (spontaneous)

For diagram of chlorophyll catabolism, click here

Glossary:

red chlorophyll catabolite = RCC = (7S,8S,10¹R)-8-(2-carboxyethyl)-8,23-dihydro-17-ethyl-19-formyl-10¹-(methoxycarbonyl)-3,7,13,18-tetramethyl-2-vinyl-7H-10,12-ethanobiladiene-ab-1,10²(21H)-dione

Other name(s):

pheide a monooxygenase; pheide a oxygenase; PaO; PAO

Systematic name:

pheophorbide-a,ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (biladiene-forming)

Comments:

This enzyme catalyses a key reaction in chlorophyll degradation, which occurs during leaf senescence and fruit ripening in higher plants. The enzyme from Arabidopsis contains a Rieske-type iron-sulfur cluster [2] and requires reduced ferredoxin, which is generated either by NADPH through the pentose-phosphate pathway or by the action of photosystem I [4]. While still attached to this enzyme, the product is rapidly converted into primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite by the action of EC 1.3.7.12, red chlorophyll catabolite reductase [2,6]. Pheophorbide b acts as an inhibitor. In ¹⁸O₂ labelling experiments, only the aldehyde oxygen is labelled, suggesting that the other oxygen atom may originate from H₂O [1].

Links to other databases:

BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc

References:

1.	Hörtensteiner, S., Wüthrich, K.L., Matile, P., Ongania, K.H. and Kräutler, B. The key step in chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants. Cleavage of pheophorbide a macrocycle by a monooxygenase. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 15335–15339. [DOI] [PMID: 9624113]
2.	Pružinská, A., Tanner, G., Anders, I., Roca, M. and Hörtensteiner, S. Chlorophyll breakdown: pheophorbide a oxygenase is a Rieske-type iron-sulfur protein, encoded by the accelerated cell death 1 gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 (2003) 15259–15264. [DOI] [PMID: 14657372]
3.	Chung, D.W., Pružinská, A., Hörtensteiner, S. and Ort, D.R. The role of pheophorbide a oxygenase expression and activity in the canola green seed problem. Plant Physiol. 142 (2006) 88–97. [DOI] [PMID: 16844830]
4.	Rodoni, S., Mühlecker, W., Anderl, M., Kräutler, B., Moser, D., Thomas, H., Matile, P. and Hörtensteiner, S. Chlorophyll breakdown in senescent chloroplasts. Cleavage of pheophorbide a in two enzymic steps. Plant Physiol. 115 (1997) 669–676. [PMID: 12223835]
5.	Hörtensteiner, S. Chlorophyll degradation during senescence. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 57 (2006) 55–77. [DOI] [PMID: 16669755]
6.	Pružinská, A., Anders, I., Aubry, S., Schenk, N., Tapernoux-Lüthi, E., Müller, T., Kräutler, B. and Hörtensteiner, S. In vivo participation of red chlorophyll catabolite reductase in chlorophyll breakdown. Plant Cell 19 (2007) 369–387. [DOI] [PMID: 17237353]

[EC 1.14.15.17 created 2007 as EC 1.14.12.20, transferred 2016 to EC 1.14.15.17]