The Enzyme Database

Displaying entries 701-750 of 2549.

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EC 1.2.5.1     
Accepted name: pyruvate dehydrogenase (quinone)
Reaction: pyruvate + ubiquinone + H2O = acetate + CO2 + ubiquinol
Other name(s): pyruvate dehydrogenase (ambiguous); pyruvic dehydrogenase (ambiguous); pyruvic (cytochrome b1) dehydrogenase (incorrect); pyruvate:ubiquinone-8-oxidoreductase; pyruvate oxidase (ambiguous); pyruvate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) (incorrect)
Systematic name: pyruvate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase
Comments: Flavoprotein (FAD) [1]. This bacterial enzyme is located on the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and coupled to the respiratory chain via ubiquinone [2,3]. Does not accept menaquinone. Activity is greatly enhanced by lipids [4,5,6]. Requires thiamine diphosphate [7]. The enzyme can also form acetoin [8].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Recny, M.A. and Hager, L.P. Reconstitution of native Escherichia coli pyruvate oxidase from apoenzyme monomers and FAD. J. Biol. Chem. 257 (1982) 12878–12886. [PMID: 6752142]
2.  Cunningham, C.C. and Hager, L.P. Reactivation of the lipid-depleted pyruvate oxidase system from Escherichia coli with cell envelope neutral lipids. J. Biol. Chem. 250 (1975) 7139–7146. [PMID: 1100621]
3.  Koland, J.G., Miller, M.J. and Gennis, R.B. Reconstitution of the membrane-bound, ubiquinone-dependent pyruvate oxidase respiratory chain of Escherichia coli with the cytochrome d terminal oxidase. Biochemistry 23 (1984) 445–453. [PMID: 6367818]
4.  Grabau, C. and Cronan, J.E., Jr. In vivo function of Escherichia coli pyruvate oxidase specifically requires a functional lipid binding site. Biochemistry 25 (1986) 3748–3751. [PMID: 3527254]
5.  Wang, A.Y., Chang, Y.Y. and Cronan, J.E., Jr. Role of the tetrameric structure of Escherichia coli pyruvate oxidase in enzyme activation and lipid binding. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 10959–10966. [PMID: 2040613]
6.  Chang, Y.Y. and Cronan, J.E., Jr. Sulfhydryl chemistry detects three conformations of the lipid binding region of Escherichia coli pyruvate oxidase. Biochemistry 36 (1997) 11564–11573. [DOI] [PMID: 9305946]
7.  O'Brien, T.A., Schrock, H.L., Russell, P., Blake, R., 2nd and Gennis, R.B. Preparation of Escherichia coli pyruvate oxidase utilizing a thiamine pyrophosphate affinity column. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 452 (1976) 13–29. [DOI] [PMID: 791368]
8.  Bertagnolli, B.L. and Hager, L.P. Role of flavin in acetoin production by two bacterial pyruvate oxidases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 300 (1993) 364–371. [DOI] [PMID: 8424670]
[EC 1.2.5.1 created 2010]
 
 
EC 1.2.5.2     
Accepted name: aldehyde dehydrogenase (quinone)
Reaction: an aldehyde + a quinone + H2O = a carboxylate + a quinol
Other name(s): aldehyde dehydrogenase (acceptor)
Systematic name: aldehyde:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: Wide specificity; acts on straight-chain aldehydes up to C10, aromatic aldehydes, glyoxylate and glyceraldehyde. The enzymes contains a PQQ cofactor and multiple hemes that deliver the electrons to the membrane quinone pool.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 75536-77-5
References:
1.  Ameyama, M. and Adachi, O. Aldehyde dehydrogenase from acetic acid bacteria, membrane-bound. Methods Enzymol. 89 (1982) 491–497.
2.  Ameyama, M., Osada, K., Shinagawa, E., Matsushita, K. and Adachi, O. Purification and characterization of aldehyde dehydrogenase of Acetobacter aceti. Agric. Biol. Chem. 45 (1981) 1189–1890.
3.  Patel, R.N., Hou, C.T., Derelanko, P. and Felix, A. Purification and properties of a heme-containing aldehyde dehydrogenase from Methylosinus trichosporium. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 203 (1980) 654–662. [DOI] [PMID: 6779711]
4.  Gomez-Manzo, S., Chavez-Pacheco, J.L., Contreras-Zentella, M., Sosa-Torres, M.E., Arreguin-Espinosa, R., Perez de la Mora, M., Membrillo-Hernandez, J. and Escamilla, J.E. Molecular and catalytic properties of the aldehyde dehydrogenase of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, a quinoheme protein containing pyrroloquinoline quinone, cytochrome b, and cytochrome c. J. Bacteriol. 192 (2010) 5718–5724. [DOI] [PMID: 20802042]
[EC 1.2.5.2 created 1983 as EC 1.2.99.3, modified 1989, transferred 2015 to EC 1.2.5.2 ]
 
 
EC 1.2.5.3     
Accepted name: aerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase
Reaction: CO + a quinone + H2O = CO2 + a quinol
Other name(s): MoCu-CODH; coxSML (gene names); molybdoenzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase
Systematic name: carbon-monoxide,water:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme, found in carboxydotrophic bacteria, catalyses the oxidation of CO to CO2 under aerobic conditions. The enzyme contains a binuclear Mo-Cu cluster in which the copper is ligated to a molybdopterin center via a sulfur bridge. The enzyme also contains two [2Fe-2S] clusters and FAD, and belongs to the xanthine oxidoreductase family. The CO2 that is produced is assimilated by the Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle, while the electrons are transferred to a quinone via the FAD site, and continue through the electron transfer chain to a dioxygen terminal acceptor [5]. cf. EC 1.2.7.4, anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Gremer, L., Kellner, S., Dobbek, H., Huber, R. and Meyer, O. Binding of flavin adenine dinucleotide to molybdenum-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Oligotropha carboxidovorans. Structural and functional analysis of a carbon monoxide dehydrogenase species in which the native flavoprotein has been replaced by its recombinant counterpart produced in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 1864–1872. [DOI] [PMID: 10636886]
2.  Dobbek, H., Gremer, L., Kiefersauer, R., Huber, R. and Meyer, O. Catalysis at a dinuclear [CuSMo(==O)OH] cluster in a CO dehydrogenase resolved at 1.1-Å resolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 15971–15976. [DOI] [PMID: 12475995]
3.  Gnida, M., Ferner, R., Gremer, L., Meyer, O. and Meyer-Klaucke, W. A novel binuclear [CuSMo] cluster at the active site of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase: characterization by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Biochemistry 42 (2003) 222–230. [DOI] [PMID: 12515558]
4.  Resch, M., Dobbek, H. and Meyer, O. Structural and functional reconstruction in situ of the [CuSMoO2] active site of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from the carbon monoxide oxidizing eubacterium Oligotropha carboxidovorans. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 10 (2005) 518–528. [DOI] [PMID: 16091936]
5.  Wilcoxen, J., Zhang, B. and Hille, R. Reaction of the molybdenum- and copper-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Oligotropha carboxidovorans with quinones. Biochemistry 50 (2011) 1910–1916. [DOI] [PMID: 21275368]
6.  Pelzmann, A.M., Mickoleit, F. and Meyer, O. Insights into the posttranslational assembly of the Mo-, S- and Cu-containing cluster in the active site of CO dehydrogenase of Oligotropha carboxidovorans. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 19 (2014) 1399–1414. [DOI] [PMID: 25377894]
7.  Hille, R., Dingwall, S. and Wilcoxen, J. The aerobic CO dehydrogenase from Oligotropha carboxidovorans. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 20 (2015) 243–251. [DOI] [PMID: 25156151]
[EC 1.2.5.3 created 2016]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.1     
Accepted name: pyruvate synthase
Reaction: pyruvate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
For diagram of the 3-hydroxypropanoate/4-hydroxybutanoate cycle and dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutanoate cycle in archaea, click here
Other name(s): pyruvate oxidoreductase; pyruvate synthetase; pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase; pyruvic-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-oxobutyrate synthase; α-ketobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-ketobutyrate synthase; α-ketobutyrate synthase; 2-oxobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-propionylating); 2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-propanoylating)
Systematic name: pyruvate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating)
Comments: Contains thiamine diphosphate and [4Fe-4S] clusters. The enzyme also decarboxylates 2-oxobutyrate with lower efficiency, but shows no activity with 2-oxoglutarate. This enzyme is a member of the 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases, a family of enzymes that oxidatively decarboxylate different 2-oxoacids to form their CoA derivatives, and are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. For examples of other members of this family, see EC 1.2.7.3, 2-oxoglutarate synthase and EC 1.2.7.7, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9082-51-3
References:
1.  Evans, M.C.W. and Buchanan, B.B. Photoreduction of ferredoxin and its use in carbon dioxide fixation by a subcellular system from a photosynthetic bacterium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 53 (1965) 1420–1425. [DOI] [PMID: 5217644]
2.  Gehring, U. and Arnon, D.I. Purification and properties of α-ketoglutarate synthase from a photosynthetic bacterium. J. Biol. Chem. 247 (1972) 6963–6969. [PMID: 4628267]
3.  Uyeda, K. and Rabinowitz, J.C. Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase. 3. Purification and properties of the enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 246 (1971) 3111–3119. [PMID: 5574389]
4.  Uyeda, K. and Rabinowitz, J.C. Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase. IV. Studies on the reaction mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 246 (1971) 3120–3125. [PMID: 4324891]
5.  Charon, M.-H., Volbeda, A., Chabriere, E., Pieulle, L. and Fontecilla-Camps, J.C. Structure and electron transfer mechanism of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 9 (1999) 663–669. [DOI] [PMID: 10607667]
[EC 1.2.7.1 created 1972, modified 2003, modified 2013]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.2      
Deleted entry: 2-oxobutyrate synthase. Now included with EC 1.2.7.1, pyruvate synthase.
[EC 1.2.7.2 created 1972, deleted 2013]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.3     
Accepted name: 2-oxoglutarate synthase
Reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = succinyl-CoA + CO2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
Other name(s): 2-ketoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase; KGOR; 2-oxoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-succinylating)
Systematic name: 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: The enzyme contains thiamine diphosphate and two [4Fe-4S] clusters. Highly specific for 2-oxoglutarate. This enzyme is a member of the 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases, a family of enzymes that oxidatively decarboxylate different 2-oxoacids to form their CoA derivatives, and are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. For examples of other members of this family, see EC 1.2.7.1, pyruvate synthase and EC 1.2.7.7, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37251-05-1
References:
1.  Buchanan, B.B. and Evans, M.C.W. The synthesis of α-ketoglutarate from succinate and carbon dioxide by a subcellular preparation of a photosynthetic bacterium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 54 (1965) 1212–1218. [DOI] [PMID: 4286833]
2.  Gehring, U. and Arnon, D.I. Purification and properties of α-ketoglutarate synthase from a photosynthetic bacterium. J. Biol. Chem. 247 (1972) 6963–6969. [PMID: 4628267]
3.  Dorner, E. and Boll, M. Properties of 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Thauera aromatica and its role in enzymatic reduction of the aromatic ring. J. Bacteriol. 184 (2002) 3975–3983. [DOI] [PMID: 12081970]
4.  Mai, X. and Adams, M.W. Characterization of a fourth type of 2-keto acid-oxidizing enzyme from a hyperthermophilic archaeon: 2-ketoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Thermococcus litoralis. J. Bacteriol. 178 (1996) 5890–5896. [DOI] [PMID: 8830683]
5.  Schut, G.J., Menon, A.L. and Adams, M.W.W. 2-Keto acid oxidoreductases from Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus litoralis. Methods Enzymol. 331 (2001) 144–158. [DOI] [PMID: 11265457]
[EC 1.2.7.3 created 1972, modified 2005]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.4     
Accepted name: anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase
Reaction: CO + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = CO2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
Other name(s): Ni-CODH; carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (ferredoxin)
Systematic name: carbon-monoxide,water:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: This prokaryotic enzyme catalyses the reversible reduction of CO2 to CO. The electrons are transferred to redox proteins such as ferredoxin. In purple sulfur bacteria and methanogenic archaea it catalyses the oxidation of CO to CO2, which is incorporated by the Calvin-Benson-Basham cycle or released, respectively. In acetogenic and sulfate-reducing microbes it catalyses the reduction of CO2 to CO, which is incorporated into acetyl CoA by EC 2.3.1.169, CO-methylating acetyl-CoA synthase, with which the enzyme forms a tight complex in those organisms. The enzyme contains five metal clusters per homodimeric enzyme: two nickel-iron-sulfur clusters called the C-Clusters, one [4Fe-4S] D-cluster; and two [4Fe-4S] B-clusters. In methanogenic archaea additional [4Fe-4S] clusters exist, presumably as part of the electron transfer chain. In purple sulfur bacteria the enzyme forms complexes with the Ni-Fe-S protein EC 1.12.7.2, ferredoxin hydrogenase, which catalyse the overall reaction: CO + H2O = CO2 + H2. cf. EC 1.2.5.3, aerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Ragsdale, S.W., Clark, J.E., Ljungdahl, L.G., Lundie, L.L. and Drake, H.L. Properties of purified carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Clostridium thermoaceticum, a nickel, iron-sulfur protein. J. Biol. Chem. 258 (1983) 2364–2369. [PMID: 6687389]
2.  Diekert, G. and Ritter, M. Purification of the nickel protein carbon monoxide dehydrogenase of Clostridium thermoaceticum. FEBS Lett. 151 (1983) 41–44. [DOI] [PMID: 6687458]
3.  Bonam, D. and Ludden, P.W. Purification and characterization of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, a nickel, zinc, iron-sulfur protein, from Rhodospirillum rubrum. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 2980–2987. [PMID: 3029096]
4.  Drennan, C.L., Heo, J., Sintchak, M.D., Schreiter, E. and Ludden, P.W. Life on carbon monoxide: X-ray structure of Rhodospirillum rubrum Ni-Fe-S carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 11973–11978. [DOI] [PMID: 11593006]
5.  Dobbek, H., Svetlitchnyi, V., Gremer, L., Huber, R. and Meyer, O. Crystal structure of a carbon monoxide dehydrogenase reveals a [Ni-4Fe-5S] cluster. Science 293 (2001) 1281–1285. [DOI] [PMID: 11509720]
6.  Doukov, T.I., Iverson, T., Seravalli, J., Ragsdale, S.W. and Drennan, C.L. A Ni-Fe-Cu center in a bifunctional carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase. Science 298 (2002) 567–572. [DOI] [PMID: 12386327]
7.  Can, M., Armstrong, F.A. and Ragsdale, S.W. Structure, function, and mechanism of the nickel metalloenzymes, CO dehydrogenase, and acetyl-CoA synthase. Chem. Rev. 114 (2014) 4149–4174. [DOI] [PMID: 24521136]
[EC 1.2.7.4 created 2003 (EC 1.2.99.2 created 1982, modified 1990, modified 2003, incorporated 2015), modified 2016]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.5     
Accepted name: aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Reaction: an aldehyde + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = a carboxylate + 2 H+ + 2 reduced ferredoxin
Other name(s): AOR
Systematic name: aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: This is an oxygen-sensitive enzyme that contains tungsten-molybdopterin and iron-sulfur clusters. Catalyses the oxidation of aldehydes (including crotonaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and glyceraldehyde) to their corresponding acids. However, it does not oxidize glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate [see EC 1.2.7.6, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin)]. Can use ferredoxin or methyl viologen but not NAD(P)+ as electron acceptor.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 138066-90-7
References:
1.  Mukund, S. and Adams, M.W.W. The novel tungsten-iron-sulfur protein of the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus, is an aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase - evidence for its participation in a unique glycolytic pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 14208–14216. [PMID: 1907273]
2.  Johnson, J.L., Rajagopalan, K.V., Mukund, S. and Adams, M.W.W. Identification of molybdopterin as the organic-component of the tungsten cofactor in four enzymes from hyperthermophilic archaea. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 4848–4852. [PMID: 8444863]
3.  Chan, M.K., Mukund, S., Kletzin, A., Adams, M.W.W. and Rees, D.C. Structure of a hyperthermophilic tungstopterin enzyme, aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Science 267 (1995) 1463–1469. [DOI] [PMID: 7878465]
4.  Roy, R., Menon, A.L. and Adams, M.W.W. Aldehyde oxidoreductases from Pyrococcus furiosus. Methods Enzymol. 331 (2001) 132–144. [DOI] [PMID: 11265456]
[EC 1.2.7.5 created 2003]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.6     
Accepted name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin)
Reaction: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H+ + 2 reduced ferredoxin
Other name(s): GAPOR; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Fd oxidoreductase; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin reductase
Systematic name: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains tungsten-molybdopterin and iron-sulfur clusters. This enzyme is thought to function in place of glyceralde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and possibly phosphoglycerate kinase in the novel Embden-Meyerhof-type glycolytic pathway found in Pyrococcus furiosus [1]. It is specific for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 162995-20-2
References:
1.  Mukund, S. and Adams, M.W.W. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, a novel tungsten-containing enzyme with a potential glycolytic role in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 8389–8392. [DOI] [PMID: 7721730]
2.  Roy, R., Menon, A.L. and Adams, M.W.W. Aldehyde oxidoreductases from Pyrococcus furiosus. Methods Enzymol. 331 (2001) 132–144. [DOI] [PMID: 11265456]
[EC 1.2.7.6 created 2003]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.7     
Accepted name: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin)
Reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)-CoA + CO2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + H+
Other name(s): 2-ketoisovalerate ferredoxin reductase; 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate synthase (ferredoxin); VOR; branched-chain ketoacid ferredoxin reductase; branched-chain oxo acid ferredoxin reductase; keto-valine-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; ketoisovalerate ferredoxin reductase; 2-oxoisovalerate ferredoxin reductase
Systematic name: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (decarboxylating; CoA-2-methylpropanoylating)
Comments: The enzyme is CoA-dependent and contains thiamine diphosphate and iron-sulfur clusters. Preferentially utilizes 2-oxo-acid derivatives of branched chain amino acids, e.g. 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, 4-methyl-2-oxo-pentanoate, and 2-oxobutanoate. This enzyme is a member of the 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases, a family of enzymes that reversibly catalyse the oxidative decarboxylation of different 2-oxoacids to form their CoA derivatives, and are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. For examples of other members of this family, see EC 1.2.7.1, pyruvate synthase, and EC 1.2.7.3, 2-oxoglutarate synthase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Buchanan, B.B. Role of ferredoxin in the synthesis of α-ketobutyrate from propionyl coenzyme A and carbon dioxide by enzymes from photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic bacteria. J. Biol. Chem. 244 (1969) 4218–4223. [PMID: 5800441]
2.  Heider, J., Mai, X.H. and Adams, M.W.W. Characterization of 2-ketoisovalerate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, a new and reversible coenzyme A-dependent enzyme involved in peptide fermentation by hyperthermophilic archaea. J. Bacteriol. 178 (1996) 780–787. [DOI] [PMID: 8550513]
3.  Tersteegen, A., Linder, D., Thauer, R.K. and Hedderich, R. Structures and functions of four anabolic 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Eur. J. Biochem. 244 (1997) 862–868. [DOI] [PMID: 9108258]
4.  Schut, G.J., Menon, A.L. and Adams, M.W.W. 2-Keto acid oxidoreductases from Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus litoralis. Methods Enzymol. 331 (2001) 144–158. [DOI] [PMID: 11265457]
[EC 1.2.7.7 created 2003]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.8     
Accepted name: indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Reaction: (indol-3-yl)pyruvate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = S-2-(indol-3-yl)acetyl-CoA + CO2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + H+
Other name(s): 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate synthase (ferredoxin); IOR
Systematic name: 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, CoA-indole-acetylating)
Comments: Contains thiamine diphosphate and [4Fe-4S] clusters. Preferentially utilizes the transaminated forms of aromatic amino acids and can use phenylpyruvate and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate as substrates. This enzyme, which is found in archaea, is a member of the 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases, a family of enzymes that oxidatively decarboxylate different 2-oxoacids to form their CoA derivatives, and are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. For examples of other members of this family, see EC 1.2.7.3, 2-oxoglutarate synthase and EC 1.2.7.7, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 158886-06-7
References:
1.  Mai, X.H. and Adams, M.W.W. Indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus - a new enzyme involved in peptide fermentation. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 16726–16732. [PMID: 8206994]
2.  Siddiqui, M.A., Fujiwara, S. and Imanaka, T. Indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Pyrococcus sp. K0d1 possesses a mosaic: Structure showing features of various oxidoreductases. Mol. Gen. Genet. 254 (1997) 433–439. [PMID: 9180697]
3.  Tersteegen, A., Linder, D., Thauer, R.K. and Hedderich, R. Structures and functions of four anabolic 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Eur. J. Biochem. 244 (1997) 862–868. [DOI] [PMID: 9108258]
4.  Schut, G.J., Menon, A.L. and Adams, M.W.W. 2-Keto acid oxidoreductases from Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus litoralis. Methods Enzymol. 331 (2001) 144–158. [DOI] [PMID: 11265457]
[EC 1.2.7.8 created 2003]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.9      
Deleted entry: 2-oxoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase. This enzyme is identical to EC 1.2.7.3, 2-oxoglutarate synthase
[EC 1.2.7.9 created 2003, deleted 2005]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.10     
Accepted name: oxalate oxidoreductase
Reaction: oxalate + oxidized ferredoxin = 2 CO2 + reduced ferredoxin
Systematic name: oxalate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains thiamine diphosphate and [4Fe-4S] clusters. Acceptors include ferredoxin and the nickel-dependent carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.7.4)
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Daniel, S.L., Pilsl, C. and Drake, H.L. Oxalate metabolism by the acetogenic bacterium Moorella thermoacetica. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 231 (2004) 39–43. [DOI] [PMID: 14769464]
2.  Pierce, E., Becker, D.F. and Ragsdale, S.W. Identification and characterization of oxalate oxidoreductase, a novel thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent 2-oxoacid oxidoreductase that enables anaerobic growth on oxalate. J. Biol. Chem. 285 (2010) 40515–40524. [DOI] [PMID: 20956531]
[EC 1.2.7.10 created 2011]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.11     
Accepted name: 2-oxoacid oxidoreductase (ferredoxin)
Reaction: a 2-oxocarboxylate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = an acyl-CoA + CO2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
Other name(s): OFOR
Systematic name: 2-oxocarboxylate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, CoA-acylating)
Comments: Contains thiamine diphosphate and [4Fe-4S] clusters [2]. This enzyme is a member of the 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases, a family of enzymes that oxidatively decarboxylate different 2-oxoacids to form their CoA derivatives, and are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. For example, see EC 1.2.7.3, 2-oxoglutarate synthase and EC 1.2.7.7, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Kerscher, L. and Oesterhelt, D. Purification and properties of two 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductases from Halobacterium halobium. Eur. J. Biochem. 116 (1981) 587–594. [DOI] [PMID: 6266826]
2.  Zhang, Q., Iwasaki, T., Wakagi, T. and Oshima, T. 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the thermoacidophilic archaeon, Sulfolobus sp. strain 7. J. Biochem. 120 (1996) 587–599. [PMID: 8902625]
3.  Fukuda, E., Kino, H., Matsuzawa, H. and Wakagi, T. Role of a highly conserved YPITP motif in 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase: heterologous expression of the gene from Sulfolobus sp.strain 7, and characterization of the recombinant and variant enzymes. Eur. J. Biochem. 268 (2001) 5639–5646. [DOI] [PMID: 11683888]
4.  Fukuda, E. and Wakagi, T. Substrate recognition by 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Sulfolobus sp. strain 7. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1597 (2002) 74–80. [DOI] [PMID: 12009405]
5.  Nishizawa, Y., Yabuki, T., Fukuda, E. and Wakagi, T. Gene expression and characterization of two 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductases from Aeropyrum pernix K1. FEBS Lett. 579 (2005) 2319–2322. [DOI] [PMID: 15848165]
6.  Park, Y.J., Yoo, C.B., Choi, S.Y. and Lee, H.B. Purifications and characterizations of a ferredoxin and its related 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Sulfolobus solfataricus P1. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 39 (2006) 46–54. [PMID: 16466637]
[EC 1.2.7.11 created 2013]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.12     
Accepted name: formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase
Reaction: a formylmethanofuran + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = CO2 + a methanofuran + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
For diagram of methane biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: methanofuran a = 4-[4-(2-{[(4R*,5S*)-4,5,7-tricarboxyheptanoyl]-γ-L-glutamyl-γ-L-glutamylamino}ethyl)phenoxymethyl]furan-2-ylmethanamine
Other name(s): formylmethanofuran:acceptor oxidoreductase
Systematic name: formylmethanofuran:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains a molybdopterin cofactor and numerous [4Fe-4S] clusters. In some organisms an additional subunit enables the incorporation of tungsten when molybdenum availability is low. The enzyme catalyses a reversible reaction in methanogenic archaea, and is involved in methanogenesis from CO2 as well as the oxidation of coenzyme M to CO2. The reaction is endergonic, and is driven by coupling with the soluble CoB-CoM heterodisulfide reductase via electron bifurcation.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 119940-12-4
References:
1.  Karrasch, M., Börner, G., Enssle, M. and Thauer, R.K. The molybdoenzyme formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase from Methanosarcina barkeri contains a pterin cofactor. Eur. J. Biochem. 194 (1990) 367–372. [DOI] [PMID: 2125267]
2.  Bertram, P.A., Schmitz, R.A., Linder, D. and Thauer, R.K. Tungstate can substitute for molybdate in sustaining growth of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Identification and characterization of a tungsten isoenzyme of formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase. Arch. Microbiol. 161 (1994) 220–228. [PMID: 8161283]
3.  Bertram, P.A., Karrasch, M., Schmitz, R.A., Bocher, R., Albracht, S.P. and Thauer, R.K. Formylmethanofuran dehydrogenases from methanogenic Archaea. Substrate specificity, EPR properties and reversible inactivation by cyanide of the molybdenum or tungsten iron-sulfur proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 220 (1994) 477–484. [DOI] [PMID: 8125106]
4.  Vorholt, J.A. and Thauer, R.K. The active species of ’CO2’ utilized by formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase from methanogenic Archaea. Eur. J. Biochem. 248 (1997) 919–924. [DOI] [PMID: 9342247]
5.  Meuer, J., Kuettner, H.C., Zhang, J.K., Hedderich, R. and Metcalf, W.W. Genetic analysis of the archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri Fusaro reveals a central role for Ech hydrogenase and ferredoxin in methanogenesis and carbon fixation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 5632–5637. [DOI] [PMID: 11929975]
6.  Kaster, A.K., Moll, J., Parey, K. and Thauer, R.K. Coupling of ferredoxin and heterodisulfide reduction via electron bifurcation in hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108 (2011) 2981–2986. [DOI] [PMID: 21262829]
7.  Wagner, T., Ermler, U. and Shima, S. The methanogenic CO2 reducing-and-fixing enzyme is bifunctional and contains 46 [4Fe-4S] clusters. Science 354 (2016) 114–117. [PMID: 27846502]
[EC 1.2.7.12 created 1992 as EC 1.2.99.5, transferred 2017 to EC 1.2.7.12]
 
 
EC 1.2.98.1     
Accepted name: formaldehyde dismutase
Reaction: 2 formaldehyde + H2O = formate + methanol
Other name(s): aldehyde dismutase; cannizzanase; nicotinoprotein aldehyde dismutase
Systematic name: formaldehyde:formaldehyde oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme contains a tightly but noncovalently bound NADP(H) cofactor, as well as Zn2+ and Mg2+. Enzyme-bound NADPH formed by oxidation of formaldehyde to formate is oxidized back to NADP+ by reaction with a second formaldehyde, yielding methanol. The enzyme from the bacterium Mycobacterium sp. DSM 3803 also catalyses the reactions of EC 1.1.99.36, alcohol dehydrogenase (nicotinoprotein) and EC 1.1.99.37, methanol dehydrogenase (nicotinoprotein) [3]. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde can act as donors; formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propanal can act as acceptors [1,2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 85204-94-0
References:
1.  Kato, N., Shirakawa, K., Kobayashi, H. and Sakazawa, C. The dismutation of aldehydes by a bacterial enzyme. Agric. Biol. Chem. 47 (1983) 39–46.
2.  Kato, N., Yamagami, T., Shimao, M. and Sakazawa, C. Formaldehyde dismutase, a novel NAD-binding oxidoreductase from Pseudomonas putida F61. Eur. J. Biochem. 156 (1986) 59–64. [DOI] [PMID: 3514215]
3.  Park, H., Lee, H., Ro, Y.T. and Kim, Y.M. Identification and functional characterization of a gene for the methanol : N,N′-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline oxidoreductase from Mycobacterium sp. strain JC1 (DSM 3803). Microbiology 156 (2010) 463–471. [DOI] [PMID: 19875438]
[EC 1.2.98.1 created 1986 as EC 1.2.99.4, modified 2012, transferred 2015 to EC 1.2.98.1]
 
 
EC 1.2.99.1      
Transferred entry: uracil dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.17.99.4, uracil/thymine dehydrogenase
[EC 1.2.99.1 created 1961, deleted 1984]
 
 
EC 1.2.99.2      
Transferred entry: carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (acceptor). Now EC 1.2.7.4, carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (ferredoxin)
[EC 1.2.99.2 created 1982, modified 1990, modified 2003, deleted 2016]
 
 
EC 1.2.99.3      
Transferred entry: aldehyde dehydrogenase (pyrroloquinoline-quinone). Now EC 1.2.5.2, aldehyde dehydrogenase (quinone)
[EC 1.2.99.3 created 1983, modified 1989, deleted 2015]
 
 
EC 1.2.99.4      
Transferred entry: formaldehyde dismutase. Now EC 1.2.98.1, formaldehyde dismutase.
[EC 1.2.99.4 created 1986, modified 2012, deleted 2015]
 
 
EC 1.2.99.5      
Transferred entry: formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase. Now EC 1.2.7.12, formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase
[EC 1.2.99.5 created 1992, deleted 2017]
 
 
EC 1.2.99.6     
Accepted name: carboxylate reductase
Reaction: an aldehyde + acceptor + H2O = a carboxylate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): aldehyde:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
Systematic name: aldehyde:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: A tungsten protein. Methyl viologen can act as acceptor. In the reverse direction, non-activated acids are reduced by reduced viologens to aldehydes, but not to the corresponding alcohols.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 125008-36-8
References:
1.  White, H., Strobl, G., Feicht, R. and Simon, H. Carboxylic acid reductase: a new tungsten enzyme catalyses the reduction of non-activated carboxylic acids to aldehydes. Eur. J. Biochem. 184 (1989) 89–96. [DOI] [PMID: 2550230]
[EC 1.2.99.6 created 1992]
 
 
EC 1.2.99.7     
Accepted name: aldehyde dehydrogenase (FAD-independent)
Reaction: an aldehyde + H2O + acceptor = a carboxylate + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): aldehyde oxidase; aldehyde oxidoreductase; Mop; AORDd
Systematic name: aldehyde:acceptor oxidoreductase (FAD-independent)
Comments: Belongs to the xanthine oxidase family of enzymes. The enzyme from Desulfovibrio sp. contains a molybdenum-molybdopterin-cytosine dinucleotide (MCD) complex and two types of [2Fe-2S] cluster per monomer, but does not contain FAD.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Uchida, H., Kondo, D., Yamashita, A., Nagaosa, Y., Sakurai, T., Fujii, Y., Fujishiro, K., Aisaka, K. and Uwajima, T. Purification and characterization of an aldehyde oxidase from Pseudomonas sp. KY 4690. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 229 (2003) 31–36. [DOI] [PMID: 14659539]
2.  Duarte, R.O., Archer, M., Dias, J.M., Bursakov, S., Huber, R., Moura, I., Romao, M.J. and Moura, J.J. Biochemical/spectroscopic characterization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a new aldehyde oxidoreductase isolated from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 268 (2000) 745–749. [DOI] [PMID: 10679276]
3.  Andrade, S.L., Brondino, C.D., Feio, M.J., Moura, I. and Moura, J.J. Aldehyde oxidoreductase activity in Desulfovibrio alaskensis NCIMB 13491. EPR assignment of the proximal [2Fe-2S] cluster to the Mo site. Eur. J. Biochem. 267 (2000) 2054–2061. [DOI] [PMID: 10727945]
4.  Romao, M.J., Archer, M., Moura, I., Moura, J.J., LeGall, J., Engh, R., Schneider, M., Hof, P. and Huber, R. Crystal structure of the xanthine oxidase-related aldehyde oxido-reductase from D. gigas. Science 270 (1995) 1170–1176. [DOI] [PMID: 7502041]
[EC 1.2.99.7 created 2004]
 
 
EC 1.2.99.8     
Accepted name: glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (FAD-containing)
Reaction: D-glyceraldehyde + H2O + acceptor = D-glycerate + reduced acceptor
For diagram of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, click here
Other name(s): glyceraldehyde oxidoreductase
Systematic name: D-glyceraldehyde:acceptor oxidoreductase (FAD-containing)
Comments: The enzyme from the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius catalyses the oxidation of D-glyceraldehyde in the nonphosphorylative Entner-Doudoroff pathway. With 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol as artificial electron acceptor, the enzyme shows a broad substrate range, but is most active with D-glyceraldehyde. It is not known which acceptor is utilized in vivo. The iron-sulfur protein contains FAD and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Kardinahl, S., Schmidt, C.L., Hansen, T., Anemuller, S., Petersen, A. and Schafer, G. The strict molybdate-dependence of glucose-degradation by the thermoacidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius reveals the first crenarchaeotic molybdenum containing enzyme—an aldehyde oxidoreductase. Eur. J. Biochem. 260 (1999) 540–548. [DOI] [PMID: 10095793]
[EC 1.2.99.8 created 2013]
 
 
EC 1.2.99.9      
Transferred entry: formate dehydrogenase (coenzyme F420). Now EC 1.17.98.3, formate dehydrogenase (coenzyme F420)
[EC 1.2.99.9 created 2014, deleted 2017]
 
 
EC 1.2.99.10     
Accepted name: 4,4′-diapolycopenoate synthase
Reaction: (1) 4,4′-diapolycopen-4-al + H2O + acceptor = 4,4′-diapolycopen-4-oate + reduced acceptor
(2) 4,4′-diapolycopene-4,4′-dial + 2 H2O + 2 acceptor = 4,4′-diapolycopene-4,4′-dioate + 2 reduced acceptor
For diagram of C30 carotenoid biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): crtNc; 4,4′-diapolycopenealdehyde oxidase (misleading)
Systematic name: 4,4′-diapolycopen-4-al,donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (4,4′-diapolycopen-4-oate-forming)
Comments: The enzyme has been described from the bacteria Methylomonas sp. 16a and Bacillus indicus.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Tao, L., Schenzle, A., Odom, J.M. and Cheng, Q. Novel carotenoid oxidase involved in biosynthesis of 4,4′-diapolycopene dialdehyde. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71 (2005) 3294–3301. [DOI] [PMID: 15933032]
2.  Steiger, S., Perez-Fons, L., Cutting, S.M., Fraser, P.D. and Sandmann, G. Annotation and functional assignment of the genes for the C30 carotenoid pathways from the genomes of two bacteria: Bacillus indicus and Bacillus firmus. Microbiology 161 (2015) 194–202. [DOI] [PMID: 25326460]
[EC 1.2.99.10 created 2017]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.1     
Accepted name: dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NAD+)
Reaction: (1) 5,6-dihydrouracil + NAD+ = uracil + NADH + H+
(2) 5,6-dihydrothymine + NAD+ = thymine + NADH + H+
Other name(s): dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase; dihydrothymine dehydrogenase; pyrimidine reductase; thymine reductase; uracil reductase; dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NAD+)
Systematic name: 5,6-dihydropyrimidine:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: An iron-sulfur flavoenzyme. The enzyme was originally discovered in the uracil-fermenting bacterium, Clostridium uracilicum, which utilizes uracil and thymine as nitrogen and carbon sources for growth [1]. Since then the enzyme was found in additional organisms including Alcaligenes eutrophus [2], Pseudomonas strains [3,4] and Escherichia coli [5,6].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9026-89-5
References:
1.  Campbell, L.L. Reductive degradation of pyrimidines. III. Purificaion and properties of dihydrouracil dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 227 (1957) 693–700. [PMID: 13462991]
2.  Schmitt, U., Jahnke, K., Rosenbaum, K., Cook, P.F. and Schnackerz, K.D. Purification and characterization of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase from Alcaligenes eutrophus. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 332 (1996) 175–182. [DOI] [PMID: 8806723]
3.  Kim, S. and West, T.P. Pyrimidine catabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 61 (1991) 175–179. [PMID: 1903745]
4.  West, T.P. Pyrimidine base catabolism in Pseudomonas putida biotype B. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 80 (2001) 163–167. [PMID: 11759049]
5.  West, T.P. Isolation and characterization of an Escherichia coli B mutant strain defective in uracil catabolism. Can. J. Microbiol. 44 (1998) 1106–1109. [PMID: 10030006]
6.  Hidese, R., Mihara, H., Kurihara, T. and Esaki, N. Escherichia coli dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase is a novel NAD-dependent heterotetramer essential for the production of 5,6-dihydrouracil. J. Bacteriol. 193 (2011) 989–993. [DOI] [PMID: 21169495]
[EC 1.3.1.1 created 1961, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.2     
Accepted name: dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Reaction: 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ = uracil + NADPH + H+
For diagram of pyrimidine catabolism, click here
Other name(s): dihydrothymine dehydrogenase; dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NADP+); 4,5-dihydrothymine: oxidoreductase; DPD; DHPDH; dehydrogenase, dihydrouracil (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); DHU dehydrogenase; hydropyrimidine dehydrogenase; dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: 5,6-dihydrouracil:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on dihydrothymine.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9029-01-0
References:
1.  Fritzson, P. Properties and assay of dihydrouracil dehydrogenase of rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 235 (1960) 719–725. [PMID: 13825299]
2.  Shiotani, T. and Weber, G. Purification and properties of dihydrothymine dehydrogenase from rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 256 (1981) 219–224. [PMID: 7451435]
[EC 1.3.1.2 created 1961, modified 1986]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.3     
Accepted name: Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase
Reaction: a 3-oxo-5β-steroid + NADP+ = a 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid + NADPH + H+
For diagram of cholesterol catabolism (rings a, B and c), click here
Other name(s): 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid 5β-reductase; 5β-reductase; androstenedione 5β-reductase; cholestenone 5β-reductase; cortisone 5β-reductase; cortisone β-reductase; cortisone Δ4-5β-reductase; steroid 5β-reductase; testosterone 5β-reductase; Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5β-reductase; Δ4-5β-reductase; Δ4-hydrogenase; 4,5β-dihydrocortisone:NADP+ Δ4-oxidoreductase; 3-oxo-5β-steroid:NADP+ Δ4-oxidoreductase; 5β-cholestan-3-one:NADP+ 4,5-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 3-oxo-5β-steroid:NADP+ 4,5-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from human efficiently catalyses the reduction of progesterone, androstenedione, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone to 5β-reduced metabolites; it can also act on aldosterone, corticosterone and cortisol, but to a lesser extent [8]. The bile acid intermediates 7α,12α-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one can also act as substrates [9].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9029-08-7
References:
1.  Forchielli, E. and Dorfman, R.I. Separation of Δ4-5α- and Δ4-5β-hydrogenases from rat liver homogenates. J. Biol. Chem. 223 (1956) 443–448. [PMID: 13376613]
2.  Brown-Grant, K., Forchielli, E. and Dorfman, R.I. The Δ4-hydrogenases of guinea pig adrenal gland. J. Biol. Chem. 235 (1960) 1317–1320. [PMID: 13805063]
3.  Levy, H.R. and Talalay, P. Enzymatic introduction of double bonds into steroid ring A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (1957) 2658–2659. [DOI]
4.  Tomkins, G.M. The enzymatic reduction of Δ4-3-ketosteroids. J. Biol. Chem. 225 (1957) 13–24. [PMID: 13416214]
5.  Sugimoto, Y., Yoshida, M. and Tamaoki, B. Purification of 5β-reductase from hepatic cytosol fraction of chicken. J. Steroid Biochem. 37 (1990) 717–724. [PMID: 2278855]
6.  Furuebisu, M., Deguchi, S. and Okuda, K. Identification of cortisone 5β-reductase as Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5β-reductase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 912 (1987) 110–114. [DOI] [PMID: 3828348]
7.  Okuda, A. and Okuda, K. Purification and characterization of Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5β-reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 7519–7524. [PMID: 6736016]
8.  Charbonneau, A. and The, V.L. Genomic organization of a human 5β-reductase and its pseudogene and substrate selectivity of the expressed enzyme. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1517 (2001) 228–235. [DOI] [PMID: 11342103]
9.  Kondo, K.H., Kai, M.H., Setoguchi, Y., Eggertsen, G., Sjöblom, P., Setoguchi, T., Okuda, K.I. and Björkhem, I. Cloning and expression of cDNA of human Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase and substrate specificity of the expressed enzyme. Eur. J. Biochem. 219 (1994) 357–363. [PMID: 7508385]
[EC 1.3.1.3 created 1961 (EC 1.3.1.23 created 1972, incorporated 2005), modified 2005]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.4      
Transferred entry: EC 1.3.1.4, cortisone α-reductase, transferred to EC 1.3.1.22, 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP+)
[EC 1.3.1.4 created 1965, deleted 2012]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.5     
Accepted name: cucurbitacin Δ23-reductase
Reaction: 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin B + NAD(P)+ = cucurbitacin B + NAD(P)H + H+
Other name(s): NAD(P)H: cucurbitacin B Δ23-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin:NAD(P)+ Δ23-oxidoreductase
Comments: Requires Mn2+. Fe2+ or Zn2+ can replace Mn2+ to some extent.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37256-38-5
References:
1.  Schabort, J.C. and Potgieter, D.J.J. Cucurbitacin B Δ23-reductase from Cucurbita maxima. II. Cofactor requirements, enzyme kinetics, substrate specificity and other characteristics. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 151 (1968) 47–53. [DOI] [PMID: 4384331]
2.  Schabort, J.C., Potgieter, D.J.J. and de Villiers, V. Cucurbitacin B Δ23-reductase from Cucurbita maxima. I. Assay methods, isolation and purification. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 151 (1968) 33–46. [DOI] [PMID: 5640163]
[EC 1.3.1.5 created 1965, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.6     
Accepted name: fumarate reductase (NADH)
Reaction: succinate + NAD+ = fumarate + NADH + H+
Other name(s): NADH-fumarate reductase; NADH-dependent fumarate reductase; fumarate reductase (NADH2)
Systematic name: succinate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9076-99-7
References:
1.  Hopgood, M.F. and Walker, D.J. Succinic acid production by rumen bacteria. III. Enzymic studies on the formation of succinate by Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 22 (1969) 1413–1424.
[EC 1.3.1.6 created 1972]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.7     
Accepted name: meso-tartrate dehydrogenase
Reaction: meso-tartrate + NAD+ = dihydroxyfumarate + NADH + H+
Systematic name: meso-tartrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37251-06-2
References:
1.  Kohn, L.D. and Jakoby, W.B. L- and mesotartaric acid dehydrogenase (crystalline). Methods Enzymol. 9 (1966) 236–240.
[EC 1.3.1.7 created 1972]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.8     
Accepted name: acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Reaction: acyl-CoA + NADP+ = 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): 2-enoyl-CoA reductase; dehydrogenase, acyl coenzyme A (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); enoyl coenzyme A reductase; crotonyl coenzyme A reductase; crotonyl-CoA reductase; acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Systematic name: acyl-CoA:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase
Comments: The liver enzyme acts on enoyl-CoA derivatives of carbon chain length 4 to 16, with optimum activity on 2-hexenoyl-CoA. In Escherichia coli, cis-specific and trans-specific enzymes exist [EC 1.3.1.37 cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) and EC 1.3.1.38 trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH)].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37251-07-3
References:
1.  Dommes, V., Luster, W., Cvetanovic, M. and Kunau, W.-H. Purification by affinity chromatography of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductases from bovine liver and Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Biochem. 125 (1982) 335–341. [DOI] [PMID: 6749495]
2.  Seubert, W., Lamberts, I., Kramer, R. and Ohly, B. On the mechanism of malonyl-CoA-independent fatty acid synthesis. I. The mechanism of elongation of long-chain fatty acids by acetyl-CoA. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 164 (1968) 498–517. [DOI] [PMID: 4387390]
[EC 1.3.1.8 created 1972, modified 1986]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.9     
Accepted name: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NAD+ = a trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADH + H+
Other name(s): enoyl-[acyl carrier protein] reductase; enoyl-ACP reductase; NADH-enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase; NADH-specific enoyl-ACP reductase; acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NAD+ oxidoreductase; fabI (gene name)
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses an essential step in fatty acid biosynthesis, the reduction of the 2,3-double bond in enoyl-acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] derivatives of the elongating fatty acid moiety. The enzyme from the bacterium Escherichia coli accepts substrates with carbon chain length from 4 to 18 [3]. The FAS-I enzyme from the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis prefers substrates with carbon chain length from 12 to 24 carbons.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37251-08-4
References:
1.  Shimakata, T. and Stumpf, P.K. Purification and characterizations of β-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase, β-hydroxyacyl-[acylcarrier-protein] dehydrase, and enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase from Spinacia oleracea leaves. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 218 (1982) 77–91. [DOI] [PMID: 6756317]
2.  Weeks, G. and Wakil, S.J. Studies on the mechanism of fatty acid synthesis. 18. Preparation and general properties of the enoyl acyl carrier protein reductases from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 243 (1968) 1180–1189. [PMID: 4384650]
3.  Yu, X., Liu, T., Zhu, F. and Khosla, C. In vitro reconstitution and steady-state analysis of the fatty acid synthase from Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108 (2011) 18643–18648. [DOI] [PMID: 22042840]
[EC 1.3.1.9 created 1972, modified 2013]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.10     
Accepted name: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, Si-specific)
Reaction: an acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADP+ = a trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): acyl-ACP dehydrogenase (ambiguous); enoyl-[acyl carrier protein] (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase; NADPH 2-enoyl Co A reductase; enoyl acyl-carrier-protein reductase (ambiguous); enoyl-ACP reductase (ambiguous); acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase (B-specific); acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase (B-specific); enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, B-specific)
Systematic name: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:NADP+ oxidoreductase (Si-specific)
Comments: One of the activities of EC 2.3.1.86, fatty-acyl-CoA synthase system, an enzyme found in yeasts (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota). Catalyses the reduction of enoyl-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] derivatives of carbon chain length from 4 to 16. The yeast enzyme is Si-specific with respect to NADP+. cf. EC 1.3.1.39, enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, Re-specific) and EC 1.3.1.104, enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH), which describes enzymes whose stereo-specificity towards NADPH is not known. See also EC 1.3.1.9, enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37251-09-5
References:
1.  Seyama, T., Kasama, T., Yamakawa, T., Kawaguchi, A., Saito, K. and Okuda, S. Origin of hydrogen atoms in the fatty acids synthesized with yeast fatty acid synthetase. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 82 (1977) 1325–1329. [PMID: 338601]
[EC 1.3.1.10 created 1972, modified 1986, modified 2013, modified 2014, modified 2018]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.11     
Accepted name: 2-coumarate reductase
Reaction: 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate + NAD+ = 2-coumarate + NADH + H+
Other name(s): melilotate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37251-10-8
References:
1.  Levy, C.C. and Weinstein, G.D. The metabolism of coumarin by a microorganism. II. The reduction of o-coumaric acid to melilotic acid. Biochemistry 3 (1964) 1944–1947. [PMID: 14269315]
[EC 1.3.1.11 created 1972]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.12     
Accepted name: prephenate dehydrogenase
Reaction: prephenate + NAD+ = 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + CO2 + NADH
For diagram of phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): hydroxyphenylpyruvate synthase; chorismate mutase—prephenate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: prephenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: This enzyme in the enteric bacteria also possesses chorismate mutase activity (EC 5.4.99.5 chorismate mutase) and converts chorismate into prephenate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9044-92-2
References:
1.  Koch, G.L.E., Shaw, D.C. and Gibson, F. Tyrosine biosynthesis in Aerobacter aerogenes. Purification and properties of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 212 (1970) 375–386. [DOI] [PMID: 5456988]
[EC 1.3.1.12 created 1972]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.13     
Accepted name: prephenate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Reaction: prephenate + NADP+ = 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
For diagram of phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): prephenate dehydrogenase (ambiguous); prephenate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dehydrogenase; prephenate dehydrogenase (NADP)
Systematic name: prephenate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37251-11-9
References:
1.  Gamborg, O.L. and Keeley, F.W. Aromatic metabolism in plants. I. A study of the prephenate dehydrogenase from bean plants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 115 (1966) 65–72. [DOI] [PMID: 4379953]
[EC 1.3.1.13 created 1972]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.14     
Accepted name: dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (NAD+)
Reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + NAD+ = orotate + NADH + H+
Other name(s): orotate reductase (NADH); orotate reductase (NADH2); DHOdehase (ambiguous); DHOD (ambiguous); DHODase (ambiguous); dihydroorotate oxidase, pyrD (gene name)
Systematic name: (S)-dihydroorotate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Binds FMN, FAD and a [2Fe-2S] cluster. The enzyme consists of two subunits, an FMN binding catalytic subunit and a FAD and iron-sulfur binding electron transfer subunit [4]. The reaction, which takes place in the cytosol, is the only redox reaction in the de-novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Other class 1 dihydroorotate dehydrogenases use either fumarate (EC 1.3.98.1) or NADP+ (EC 1.3.1.15) as electron acceptor. The membrane bound class 2 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.5.2) uses quinone as electron acceptor.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37255-26-8
References:
1.  Friedmann, H.C. and Vennesland, B. Purification and properties of dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 233 (1958) 1398–1406. [PMID: 13610849]
2.  Friedmann, H.C. and Vennesland, B. Crystalline dihydroorotic dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 235 (1960) 1526–1532. [PMID: 13825167]
3.  Lieberman, I. and Kornberg, A. Enzymic synthesis and breakdown of a pyrimidine, orotic acid. I. Dihydro-orotic dehydrogenase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 12 (1953) 223–234. [DOI] [PMID: 13115431]
4.  Nielsen, F.S., Andersen, P.S. and Jensen, K.F. The B form of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase from Lactococcus lactis consists of two different subunits, encoded by the pyrDb and pyrK genes, and contains FMN, FAD, and [FeS] redox centers. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 29359–29365. [DOI] [PMID: 8910599]
5.  Rowland, P., Nørager, S., Jensen, K.F. and Larsen, S. Structure of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase B: electron transfer between two flavin groups bridged by an iron-sulphur cluster. Structure 8 (2000) 1227–1238. [DOI] [PMID: 11188687]
6.  Kahler, A.E., Nielsen, F.S. and Switzer, R.L. Biochemical characterization of the heteromeric Bacillus subtilis dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and its isolated subunits. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 371 (1999) 191–201. [DOI] [PMID: 10545205]
7.  Marcinkeviciene, J., Tinney, L.M., Wang, K.H., Rogers, M.J. and Copeland, R.A. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase B of Enterococcus faecalis. Characterization and insights into chemical mechanism. Biochemistry 38 (1999) 13129–13137. [DOI] [PMID: 10529184]
[EC 1.3.1.14 created 1972, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.15     
Accepted name: dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Reaction: (S)-dihydroorotate + NADP+ = orotate + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): orotate reductase; dihydro-orotic dehydrogenase; L-5,6-dihydro-orotate:NAD+ oxidoreductase; orotate reductase (NADPH)
Systematic name: (S)-dihydroorotate:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Binds FMN and FAD [2]. Other class 1 dihydroorotate dehydrogenases use either fumarate (EC 1.3.98.1) or NAD+ (EC 1.3.1.14) as electron acceptor. The membrane bound class 2 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.5.2) uses quinone as electron acceptor .
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37255-27-9
References:
1.  Taylor, W.H., Taylor, M.L. and Eames, D.F. Two functionally different dihydroorotic dehydrogenases in bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 91 (1966) 2251–2256. [PMID: 4380263]
2.  Udaka, S. and Vennesland, B. Properties of triphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked dihydroorotic dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 237 (1962) 2018–2024. [PMID: 13923427]
[EC 1.3.1.15 created 1972, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.16     
Accepted name: β-nitroacrylate reductase
Reaction: 3-nitropropanoate + NADP+ = 3-nitroacrylate + NADPH + H+
Systematic name: 3-nitropropanoate:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37255-28-0
References:
1.  Shaw, P.D. Biosynthesis of nitro compounds. III. The enzymatic reduction of β-nitroacrylic acid to β-nitropropionic acid. Biochemistry 6 (1967) 2253–2260.
[EC 1.3.1.16 created 1972]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.17     
Accepted name: 3-methyleneoxindole reductase
Reaction: 3-methyl-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one + NADP+ = 3-methylene-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one + NADPH + H+
Glossary: 3-methyloxindole = 3-methylindolin-2-one = 3-methyl-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one
Other name(s): 3-methyloxindole:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 3-methyl-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37255-29-1
References:
1.  Moyed, H.S. and Williamson, V. Multiple 3-methyleneoxindole reductases of peas, differential inhibition by synthetic auxins. J. Biol. Chem. 242 (1967) 1075–1077. [PMID: 6021071]
[EC 1.3.1.17 created 1972]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.18     
Accepted name: kynurenate-7,8-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase
Reaction: 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxykynurenate + NAD+ = 7,8-dihydroxykynurenate + NADH + H+
Other name(s): 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxykynurenate dehydrogenase; 7,8-dihydroxykynurenic acid 7,8-diol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxykynurenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37255-30-4
References:
1.  Taniuchi, H. and Hayaishi, O. Studies on the metabolism of kynurenic acid. III. Enzymatic formation of 7,8-dihydroxykynurenic acid from kynurenic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 238 (1963) 283–293. [PMID: 13984873]
[EC 1.3.1.18 created 1972]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.19     
Accepted name: cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase
Reaction: cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol + NAD+ = catechol + NADH + H+
Other name(s): cis-benzene glycol dehydrogenase; cis-1,2-dihydrocyclohexa-3,5-diene (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) oxidoreductase;
Systematic name: cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 51923-03-6
References:
1.  Axcell, B.C. and Geary, P.J. The metabolism of benzene by bacteria. Purification and some properties of the enzyme cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) oxidoreductase (cis-benzene glycol dehydrogenase). Biochem. J. 136 (1973) 927–934. [PMID: 4362337]
2.  Gibson, D.T., Koch, J.R. and Kallio, R.E. Oxidative degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by microorganisms. I. Enzymatic formation of catechol from benzene. Biochemistry 7 (1968) 2653–2662. [PMID: 4298226]
[EC 1.3.1.19 created 1972]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.20     
Accepted name: trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase
Reaction: trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol + NADP+ = catechol + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): dihydrodiol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37255-32-6
References:
1.  Ayengar, P.K., Hayaishi, O., Nakajima, M. and Tomida, I. Enzymic aromatization of 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 33 (1959) 111–119. [DOI] [PMID: 13651190]
[EC 1.3.1.20 created 1972]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.21     
Accepted name: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase
Reaction: cholesterol + NADP+ = cholesta-5,7-dien-3β-ol + NADPH + H+
For diagram of sterol ring b, c, D modification, click here
Other name(s): DHCR7 (gene name); 7-DHC reductase; 7-dehydrocholesterol dehydrogenase/cholesterol oxidase; Δ7-sterol reductase
Systematic name: cholesterol:NADP+ Δ7-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme is part of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9080-21-1
References:
1.  Dempsey, M.E., Seaton, J.D., Schroepfer, G.J. and Trockman, R.W. The intermediary role of Δ5,7-cholestadien-3β-ol in cholesterol biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 239 (1964) 1381–1387. [PMID: 14189869]
2.  Moebius, F.F., Fitzky, B.U., Lee, J.N., Paik, Y.K. and Glossmann, H. Molecular cloning and expression of the human Δ7-sterol reductase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 1899–1902. [DOI] [PMID: 9465114]
[EC 1.3.1.21 created 1972, modified 2013]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.22     
Accepted name: 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Reaction: a 3-oxo-5α-steroid + NADP+ = a 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): cholestenone 5α-reductase; testosterone Δ4-5α-reductase; steroid 5α-reductase; 3-oxosteroid Δ4-dehydrogenase; 5α-reductase; steroid 5α-hydrogenase; 3-oxosteroid 5α-reductase; testosterone Δ4-hydrogenase; 4-ene-3-oxosteroid 5α-reductase; reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate:Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5α-oxidoreductase; 4-ene-5α-reductase; Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5α-oxidoreductase; cholest-4-en-3-one 5α-reductase; testosterone 5α-reductase; 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3-oxo-5α-steroid:NADP+ Δ4-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses the conversion of assorted 3-oxo-Δ4 steroids into their corresponding 5α form. Substrates for the mammalian enzyme include testosterone, progesterone, and corticosterone. Substrates for the plant enzyme are brassinosteroids such as campest-4-en-3-one and (22α)-hydroxy-campest-4-en-3-one. cf. EC 1.3.99.5, 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (acceptor).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37255-34-8
References:
1.  Levy, H.R. and Talalay, P. Bacterial oxidation of steroids. II. Studies on the enzymatic mechanisms of ring A dehydrogenation. J. Biol. Chem. 234 (1959) 2014–2021. [PMID: 13673006]
2.  Shefer, S., Hauser, S. and Mosbach, E.H. Studies on the biosynthesis of 5α-cholestan-3β-ol. I. Cholestenone 5α-reductase of rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 946–952. [PMID: 5907469]
3.  Cheng, Y.-J. and Karavolas, H.J. Properties and subcellular distribution of Δ4-steroid (progesterone) 5α-reductase in rat anterior pituitary. Steroids 26 (1975) 57–71. [DOI] [PMID: 1166484]
4.  Sargent, N.S. and Habib, F.K. Partial purification of human prostatic 5α-reductase (3-oxo-5α-steroid:NADP+ 4-ene-oxido-reductase; EC 1.3.1.22) in a stable and active form. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 38 (1991) 73–77. [DOI] [PMID: 1705142]
5.  Quemener, E., Amet, Y., di Stefano, S., Fournier, G., Floch, H.H. and Abalain, J.H. Purification of testosterone 5α-reductase from human prostate by a four-step chromatographic procedure. Steroids 59 (1994) 712–718. [DOI] [PMID: 7900170]
6.  Poletti, A., Celotti, F., Rumio, C., Rabuffetti, M. and Martini, L. Identification of type 1 5α-reductase in myelin membranes of male and female rat brain. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 129 (1997) 181–190. [DOI] [PMID: 9202401]
7.  Li, J., Biswas, M.G., Chao, A., Russell, D.W. and Chory, J. Conservation of function between mammalian and plant steroid 5α-reductases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 3554–3559. [DOI] [PMID: 9108014]
8.  Rosati, F., Bardazzi, I., De Blasi, P., Simi, L., Scarpi, D., Guarna, A., Serio, M., Racchi, M.L. and Danza, G. 5α-Reductase activity in Lycopersicon esculentum: cloning and functional characterization of LeDET2 and evidence of the presence of two isoenzymes. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 96 (2005) 287–299. [DOI] [PMID: 15993049]
[EC 1.3.1.22 created 1972, modified 2012]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.23      
Deleted entry:  cholestenone β-reductase. The enzyme is identical to EC 1.3.1.3, Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase
[EC 1.3.1.23 created 1972, deleted 2005]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.24     
Accepted name: biliverdin reductase
Reaction: bilirubin + NAD(P)+ = biliverdin + NAD(P)H + H+
For diagram of biliverdin metabolism, click here
Systematic name: bilirubin:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, Gene, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9074-10-6
References:
1.  Singleton, J.W. and Laster, L. Biliverdin reductase of guinea pig liver. J. Biol. Chem. 240 (1965) 4780–4789. [PMID: 4378982]
[EC 1.3.1.24 created 1972]
 
 


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