The Enzyme Database

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EC 2.4.1.346     
Accepted name: phosphatidyl-myo-inositol dimannoside synthase
Reaction: (1) GDP-α-D-mannose + 2-O-α-D-mannosyl-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol = GDP + 2,6-di-O-α-D-mannosyl-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol
(2) GDP-α-D-mannose + 2-O-(6-O-acyl-α-D-mannosyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol = GDP + 2-O-(6-O-acyl-α-D-mannosyl)-6-O-α-D-mannosyl-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol
Glossary: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol = PtdIns
Other name(s): mannosyltransferase PimB; PimB; guanosine diphosphomannose-phosphatidyl-inositol α-mannosyltransferase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: GDP-α-D-mannose:2-O-α-D-mannosyl-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 6-α-D-mannosyltransferase (configuration-retaining)
Comments: Requires Mg2+. The enzyme, found in Corynebacteriales, is involved in the biosynthesis of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Guerin, M.E., Kaur, D., Somashekar, B.S., Gibbs, S., Gest, P., Chatterjee, D., Brennan, P.J. and Jackson, M. New insights into the early steps of phosphatidylinositol mannoside biosynthesis in mycobacteria: PimB′ is an essential enzyme of Mycobacterium smegmatis. J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 25687–25696. [DOI] [PMID: 19638342]
2.  Mishra, A.K., Batt, S., Krumbach, K., Eggeling, L. and Besra, G.S. Characterization of the Corynebacterium glutamicum Δ pimB′ Δ mgtA double deletion mutant and the role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis orthologues Rv2188c and Rv0557 in glycolipid biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 191 (2009) 4465–4472. [DOI] [PMID: 19395496]
3.  Batt, S.M., Jabeen, T., Mishra, A.K., Veerapen, N., Krumbach, K., Eggeling, L., Besra, G.S. and Futterer, K. Acceptor substrate discrimination in phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannoside synthesis: structural and mutational analysis of mannosyltransferase Corynebacterium glutamicum PimB′. J. Biol. Chem. 285 (2010) 37741–37752. [DOI] [PMID: 20843801]
[EC 2.4.1.346 created 2017]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.348     
Accepted name: N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 3-α-mannosyltransferase
Reaction: GDP-α-D-mannose + N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol = GDP + α-D-mannosyl-(1→3)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
Other name(s): WbdC
Systematic name: GDP-α-D-mannose:N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 3-α-mannosyltransferase (configuration-retaining)
Comments: The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the linker region of the polymannose O-polysaccharide in the outer leaflet of the membrane of Escherichia coli serotypes O8, O9 and O9a.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Greenfield, L.K., Richards, M.R., Li, J., Wakarchuk, W.W., Lowary, T.L. and Whitfield, C. Biosynthesis of the polymannose lipopolysaccharide O-antigens from Escherichia coli serotypes O8 and O9a requires a unique combination of single- and multiple-active site mannosyltransferases. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (2012) 35078–35091. [DOI] [PMID: 22875852]
[EC 2.4.1.348 created 2017]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.349     
Accepted name: mannosyl-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 3-α-mannosyltransferase
Reaction: 2 GDP-α-D-mannose + α-D-mannosyl-(1→3)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol = 2 GDP + α-D-mannosyl-(1→3)-α-D-mannosyl-(1→3)-α-D-mannosyl-(1→3)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
Other name(s): WbdB
Systematic name: GDP-α-D-mannose:α-D-mannosyl-(1→3)-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 3-α-mannosyltransferase (configuration-retaining)
Comments: The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the linker region of the polymannose O-polysaccharide in the outer leaflet of the membrane of Escherichia coli serotypes O8, O9 and O9a. It has no activity with N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol (cf. EC 2.4.1.348, N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 3-α-mannosyltransferase).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Greenfield, L.K., Richards, M.R., Li, J., Wakarchuk, W.W., Lowary, T.L. and Whitfield, C. Biosynthesis of the polymannose lipopolysaccharide O-antigens from Escherichia coli serotypes O8 and O9a requires a unique combination of single- and multiple-active site mannosyltransferases. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (2012) 35078–35091. [DOI] [PMID: 22875852]
[EC 2.4.1.349 created 2017]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.353     
Accepted name: sordaricin 6-deoxyaltrosyltransferase
Reaction: GDP-6-deoxy-α-D-altrose + sordaricin = 4′-O-demethylsordarin + GDP
For diagram of sordarin biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: sordaricin = (1R,3aR,4S,4aR,7R,7aR,8aR)-4-formyl-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3a,4,4a,5,6,7,7a,8,8-decahydro-1,4-methanocyclopenta[f]indene-3a-carboxylic acid
Other name(s): SdnJ
Systematic name: GDP-6-deoxy-α-D-altrose:sordaricin 6-deoxy-D-altrosyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, isolated from the fungus Sordaria araneosa, is involved in the biosynthesis of the glycoside antibiotic sordarin.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Kudo, F., Matsuura, Y., Hayashi, T., Fukushima, M. and Eguchi, T. Genome mining of the sordarin biosynthetic gene cluster from Sordaria araneosa Cain ATCC 36386: characterization of cycloaraneosene synthase and GDP-6-deoxyaltrose transferase. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 69 (2016) 541–548. [DOI] [PMID: 27072286]
[EC 2.4.1.353 created 2018]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.361     
Accepted name: GDP-mannose:di-myo-inositol-1,3′-phosphate β-1,2-mannosyltransferase
Reaction: 2 GDP-α-D-mannose + bis(myo-inositol) 1,3′-phosphate = 2 GDP + 2-O-(β-D-mannosyl-(1→2)-β-D-mannosyl)-bis(myo-inositol) 1,3′-phosphate (overall reaction)
(1a) GDP-α-D-mannose + bis(myo-inositol) 1,3′-phosphate = GDP + 2-O-(β-D-mannosyl)-bis(myo-inositol) 1,3′-phosphate
(1b) GDP-α-D-mannose + 2-O-(β-D-mannosyl)-bis(myo-inositol) 1,3′-phosphate = GDP + 2-O-(β-D-mannosyl-(1→2)-β-D-mannosyl)-bis(myo-inositol) 1,3′-phosphate
Other name(s): MDIP synthase
Systematic name: GDP-α-D-mannose:bis(myo-inositol)-1,3′-phosphate 2-β-D-mannosyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima is involved in the synthesis of the solutes 2-O-(β-D-mannosyl)-bis(myo-inositol) 1,3′-phosphate and 2-O-(β-D-mannosyl-(1→2)-β-D-mannosyl)-bis(myo-inositol) 1,3′-phosphate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Rodrigues, M.V., Borges, N., Almeida, C.P., Lamosa, P. and Santos, H. A unique β-1,2-mannosyltransferase of Thermotoga maritima that uses di-myo-inositol phosphate as the mannosyl acceptor. J. Bacteriol. 191 (2009) 6105–6115. [PMID: 19648237]
[EC 2.4.1.361 created 2019]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.370     
Accepted name: inositol phosphorylceramide mannosyltransferase
Reaction: GDP-α-D-mannose + a (4R)-4-hydroxy-N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-very-long-chain-acyl]-1-O-[(1D-myo-inositol-1-O-yl)hydroxyphosphoryl]sphinganine = a (4R)-4-hydroxy-N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-very-long-chain-acyl]-1-O-{[6-O-(α-D-mannosyl)-1D-myo-inositol-1-O-yl]hydroxyphosphoryl}sphinganine + GDP
Glossary: a (4R)-4-hydroxy-N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-very-long-chain-acyl]-1-O-[(1D-myo-inositol-1-O-yl)hydroxyphosphoryl]sphinganine = a very-long-chain inositol phospho-α hydroxyphytoceramide = IPC
a (4R)-4-hydroxy-N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-very-long-chain-acyl]-1-O-{[6-O-(α-D-mannosyl)-1D-myo-inositol-1-O-yl]hydroxyphosphoryl}sphinganine = a very-long-chain mannosylinositol phospho-α-hydroxyphytoceramide = MIPC
Other name(s): SUR1 (gene name); CSH1 (gene name)
Systematic name: GDP-α-D-mannose:(4R)-4-hydroxy-N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-very-long-chain-acyl]-1-O-[(1D-myo-inositol-1-O-yl)hydroxyphosphoryl]sphinganine mannosyltransferase (configuration-retaining)
Comments: The simplest complex sphingolipid of yeast, inositol-phospho-α-hydroxyphytoceramide (IPC), is usually mannosylated to yield mannosyl-inositol-phospho-α hydroxyphytoceramide (MIPC). The enzyme is located in the Golgi apparatus, and utilizes GDP-mannose as the mannosyl group donor. It consists of a catalytic subunit (SUR1 or CSH1) and a regulatory subunit (CSG2).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Beeler, T.J., Fu, D., Rivera, J., Monaghan, E., Gable, K. and Dunn, T.M. SUR1 (CSG1/BCL21), a gene necessary for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of high Ca2+ concentrations at 37 degrees C, is required for mannosylation of inositolphosphorylceramide. Mol. Gen. Genet. 255 (1997) 570–579. [DOI] [PMID: 9323360]
2.  Dean, N., Zhang, Y.B. and Poster, J.B. The VRG4 gene is required for GDP-mannose transport into the lumen of the Golgi in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 31908–31914. [DOI] [PMID: 9395539]
3.  Uemura, S., Kihara, A., Inokuchi, J. and Igarashi, Y. Csg1p and newly identified Csh1p function in mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide synthesis by interacting with Csg2p. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 45049–45055. [DOI] [PMID: 12954640]
[EC 2.4.1.370 created 2019]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.371     
Accepted name: polymannosyl GlcNAc-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 2,3-α-mannosylpolymerase
Reaction: (1) 2 GDP-α-D-mannose + [α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)]n-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol = 2 GDP + α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-[α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)]n-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
(2) 2 GDP-α-D-mannose + α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-[α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)]n-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol = 2 GDP + [α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)]n+1-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
Other name(s): WbdA
Systematic name: GDP-α-D-mannose:α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-[α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)]n-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 2,3-α-mannosyltransferase (configuration-retaining)
Comments: The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of polymannose O-polysaccharide in the outer leaflet of the membrane of Escherichia coli serotype O9a. The enzymes consists of two domains that are responsible for the 1→2 and 1→3 linkages, respectively.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Greenfield, L.K., Richards, M.R., Li, J., Wakarchuk, W.W., Lowary, T.L. and Whitfield, C. Biosynthesis of the polymannose lipopolysaccharide O-antigens from Escherichia coli serotypes O8 and O9a requires a unique combination of single- and multiple-active site mannosyltransferases. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (2012) 35078–35091. [DOI] [PMID: 22875852]
2.  Greenfield, L.K., Richards, M.R., Vinogradov, E., Wakarchuk, W.W., Lowary, T.L. and Whitfield, C. Domain organization of the polymerizing mannosyltransferases involved in synthesis of the Escherichia coli O8 and O9a lipopolysaccharide O-antigens. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (2012) 38135–38149. [PMID: 22989876]
3.  Liston, S.D., Clarke, B.R., Greenfield, L.K., Richards, M.R., Lowary, T.L. and Whitfield, C. Domain interactions control complex formation and polymerase specificity in the biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli O9a antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 290 (2015) 1075–1085. [DOI] [PMID: 25422321]
[EC 2.4.1.371 created 2019]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.374     
Accepted name: β-1,2-mannooligosaccharide synthase
Reaction: GDP-α-D-mannose + [(1→2)-β-D-mannosyl]n = GDP + [(1→2)-β-D-mannosyl]n+1
Other name(s): MTP1 (gene name); MTP2 (gene name)
Systematic name: GDP-α-D-mannose:(1→2)-β-D-mannan mannosyltransferase (configuration-inverting)
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from Leishmania parasites, is involved in synthesis of mannogen, a β-(1→2)-mannan oligosaccharide used by the organisms as a carbohydrate reserve.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Sernee, M.F., Ralton, J.E., Nero, T.L., Sobala, L.F., Kloehn, J., Vieira-Lara, M.A., Cobbold, S.A., Stanton, L., Pires, D.EV., Hanssen, E., Males, A., Ward, T., Bastidas, L.M., van der Peet, P.L., Parker, M.W., Ascher, D.B., Williams, S.J., Davies, G.J. and McConville, M.J. A family of dual-activity glycosyltransferase-phosphorylases mediates mannogen turnover and virulence in Leishmania parasites. Cell Host Microbe 26 (2019) 385–399.e9. [PMID: 31513773]
[EC 2.4.1.374 created 2019]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.378     
Accepted name: GDP-mannose:α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und α-1,4-mannosyltransferase
Reaction: GDP-α-D-mannose + α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und = GDP + α-D-Man-(1→4)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und
Glossary: α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und = α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-D-galactopyranosyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
α-D-Man-(1→4)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und = α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-D-galactopyranosyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
Other name(s): wbaU (gene name); rfbU (gene name)
Systematic name: GDP-α-D-mannose:α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-D-galactopyranosyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 4II-α-rhamnosyltransferase (configuration-retaining)
Comments: The enzyme from Salmonella participates in the biosynthesis of the repeat unit of O antigens produced by strains that belong to the A, B, and D1 groups.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Liu, D., Haase, A.M., Lindqvist, L., Lindberg, A.A. and Reeves, P.R. Glycosyl transferases of O-antigen biosynthesis in Salmonella enterica: identification and characterization of transferase genes of groups B, C2, and E1. J. Bacteriol. 175 (1993) 3408–3413. [DOI] [PMID: 7684736]
[EC 2.4.1.378 created 2021]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.379     
Accepted name: GDP-Man:α-D-Gal-diphosphoundecaprenol α-1,3-mannosyltransferase
Reaction: GDP-α-D-mannose + α-D-galactosyl-diphospho-ditrans-octacis-undecaprenol = GDP + α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und
Glossary: α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und = α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-D-galactopyranosyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
Other name(s): wbaZ (gene name); rfbZ (gene name)
Systematic name: GDP-α-D-mannose:α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-D-galactopyranosyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 3-α-mannosyltransferase (configuration-retaining)
Comments: The enzyme, present in Salmonella strains that belong to group C2, participates in the biosynthesis of the repeat unit of O antigens produced by these strains.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Brown, P.K., Romana, L.K. and Reeves, P.R. Cloning of the rfb gene cluster of a group C2 Salmonella strain: comparison with the rfb regions of groups B and D. Mol. Microbiol. 5 (1991) 1873–1881. [DOI] [PMID: 1722557]
2.  Brown, P.K., Romana, L.K. and Reeves, P.R. Molecular analysis of the rfb gene cluster of Salmonella serovar muenchen (strain M67): the genetic basis of the polymorphism between groups C2 and B. Mol. Microbiol. 6 (1992) 1385–1394. [DOI] [PMID: 1379320]
3.  Liu, D., Haase, A.M., Lindqvist, L., Lindberg, A.A. and Reeves, P.R. Glycosyl transferases of O-antigen biosynthesis in Salmonella enterica: identification and characterization of transferase genes of groups B, C2, and E1. J. Bacteriol. 175 (1993) 3408–3413. [DOI] [PMID: 7684736]
4.  Zhao, X., Dai, Q., Jia, R., Zhu, D., Liu, M., Wang, M., Chen, S., Sun, K., Yang, Q., Wu, Y. and Cheng, A. two novel Salmonella bivalent vaccines confer dual protection against two Salmonella serovars in mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7:391 (2017). [DOI] [PMID: 28929089]
[EC 2.4.1.379 created 2021]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.380     
Accepted name: GDP-Man:α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Gal diphosphoundecaprenol α-1,2-mannosyltransferase
Reaction: GDP-α-D-mannose + α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und = GDP + α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und
Glossary: α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und = α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-D-galactopyranosyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und = α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-D-galactopyranosyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
Other name(s): wbaW (gene name); rfbW (gene name)
Systematic name: GDP-α-D-mannose:α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-D-galactopyranosyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 2II-α-mannosyltransferase (configuration-retaining)
Comments: The enzyme, present in Salmonella strains that belong to group C2, participates in the biosynthesis of the repeat unit of O antigens produced by these strains.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Brown, P.K., Romana, L.K. and Reeves, P.R. Cloning of the rfb gene cluster of a group C2 Salmonella strain: comparison with the rfb regions of groups B and D. Mol. Microbiol. 5 (1991) 1873–1881. [DOI] [PMID: 1722557]
2.  Brown, P.K., Romana, L.K. and Reeves, P.R. Molecular analysis of the rfb gene cluster of Salmonella serovar muenchen (strain M67): the genetic basis of the polymorphism between groups C2 and B. Mol. Microbiol. 6 (1992) 1385–1394. [DOI] [PMID: 1379320]
3.  Liu, D., Haase, A.M., Lindqvist, L., Lindberg, A.A. and Reeves, P.R. Glycosyl transferases of O-antigen biosynthesis in Salmonella enterica: identification and characterization of transferase genes of groups B, C2, and E1. J. Bacteriol. 175 (1993) 3408–3413. [DOI] [PMID: 7684736]
4.  Zhao, X., Dai, Q., Jia, R., Zhu, D., Liu, M., Wang, M., Chen, S., Sun, K., Yang, Q., Wu, Y. and Cheng, A. two novel Salmonella bivalent vaccines confer dual protection against two Salmonella serovars in mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7:391 (2017). [DOI] [PMID: 28929089]
[EC 2.4.1.380 created 2021]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.383     
Accepted name: GDP-Man:α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und β-1,4-mannosyltransferase
Reaction: GDP-α-D-mannose + α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und = GDP + β-D-Man-(1→4)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und
Glossary: α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und = α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-D-galactopyranosyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
β-D-Man-(1→4)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-PP-Und = β-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-D-galactopyranosyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol
Other name(s): wbaO (gene name); rfbO (gene name)
Systematic name: GDP-α-D-mannose:α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-D-galactopyranosyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol 4II-β-mannosyltransferase (configuration inverting)
Comments: The enzyme participates in the biosynthesis of the O antigens produced by group E and D2 strains of the pathogenic bacterium Salmonella enterica.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Xiang, S.H., Hobbs, M. and Reeves, P.R. Molecular analysis of the rfb gene cluster of a group D2 Salmonella enterica strain: evidence for its origin from an insertion sequence-mediated recombination event between group E and D1 strains. J. Bacteriol. 176 (1994) 4357–4365. [DOI] [PMID: 8021222]
2.  Zhao, Y., Biggins, J. B. and Thorson, J. S. Acceptor specificity of Salmonella GDP-Man:α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D- Gal- PP-Und β(1→4)-mannosyltransferase: A simplified assay based on unnatural acceptors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (1998) 12986–12987. [DOI]
3.  Zhao, Y. and Thorson, J.S. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the Salmonella group E1 core trisaccharide using a recombinant β-(1-→4)-mannosyltransferase. Carbohydr. Res. 319 (1999) 184–191. [DOI] [PMID: 10520265]
[EC 2.4.1.383 created 2021]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.384     
Accepted name: NDP-glycosyltransferase
Reaction: an NDP-glycose + an acceptor = a glycosylated acceptor + NDP
Other name(s): yjiC (gene name)
Systematic name: NDP-glycose:acceptor glycosyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Bacillus licheniformis DSM-13, is an extremely promiscuous glycosyltransferase. It can accept ADP-, GDP-, CDP-, TDP-, or UDP-activated glycose molecules as donors, and can glycosylate a large number of substrates, catalysing O-, N-, or S-glycosylation. While D-glucose is the primarily reported sugar being transferred, the enzyme has been shown to transfer D-galactose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, L-fucose, L-rhamnose, D-glucuronate, and D-viosamine.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Pandey, R.P., Parajuli, P., Koirala, N., Park, J.W. and Sohng, J.K. Probing 3-hydroxyflavone for in vitro glycorandomization of flavonols by YjiC. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79 (2013) 6833–6838. [DOI] [PMID: 23974133]
2.  Pandey, R.P., Gurung, R.B., Parajuli, P., Koirala, N., Tuoi le, T. and Sohng, J.K. Assessing acceptor substrate promiscuity of YjiC-mediated glycosylation toward flavonoids. Carbohydr. Res. 393 (2014) 26–31. [DOI] [PMID: 24893262]
3.  Pandey, R.P., Parajuli, P., Shin, J.Y., Lee, J., Lee, S., Hong, Y.S., Park, Y.I., Kim, J.S. and Sohng, J.K. Enzymatic biosynthesis of novel resveratrol glucoside and glycoside derivatives. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80 (2014) 7235–7243. [DOI] [PMID: 25239890]
4.  Parajuli, P., Pandey, R.P., Koirala, N., Yoon, Y.J., Kim, B.G. and Sohng, J.K. Enzymatic synthesis of epothilone A glycosides. AMB Express 4:31 (2014). [DOI] [PMID: 24949266]
5.  Pandey, R.P., Parajuli, P., Gurung, R.B. and Sohng, J.K. Donor specificity of YjiC glycosyltransferase determines the conjugation of cytosolic NDP-sugar in in vivo glycosylation reactions. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 91 (2016) 26–33. [DOI] [PMID: 27444326]
6.  Bashyal, P., Thapa, S.B., Kim, T.S., Pandey, R.P. and Sohng, J.K. Exploring the nucleophilic N- and S-glycosylation capacity of Bacillus licheniformis YjiC enzyme. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30 (2020) 1092–1096. [DOI] [PMID: 32238768]
[EC 2.4.1.384 created 2021]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.393     
Accepted name: MMP α-(1→4)-mannosyltransferase
Reaction: GDP-α-D-mannose + [3-O-methyl-α-D-mannosyl-(1→4)]n-3-O-methyl-α-D-mannose = α-D-mannosyl-(1→4)-[3-O-methyl-α-D-mannosyl-(1→4)]n-3-O-methyl-α-D-mannose + GDP
Glossary: MMP = α-D-mannosyl-(1→4)-[3-O-methyl-α-D-mannosyl-(1→4)]n-1-O,3-O-dimethyl-α-D-mannose
Other name(s): manT (gene name)
Systematic name: GDP-α-D-mannose:[3-O-methyl-α-D-mannosyl-(1→4)]n-3-O-methyl-α-D-mannose [(1→4)-α-D-mannosyl]transferase
Comments: The enzyme, present in mycobacterial species that produce a 3-O-methylmannose polysaccharide (MMP), is involved in recycling and biosynthesis of the polymer. The enzyme has the highest activity with 3-O-methylated mannosides with 4-6 residues. The residue at the reducing end of the substrate is often dimethylated, with the second methyl group attached at the O-1 position.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Maranha, A., Costa, M., Ripoll-Rozada, J., Manso, J.A., Miranda, V., Mendes, V.M., Manadas, B., Macedo-Ribeiro, S., Ventura, M.R., Pereira, P.JB. and Empadinhas, N. Self-recycling and partially conservative replication of mycobacterial methylmannose polysaccharides. Commun Biol 6:108 (2023). [DOI] [PMID: 36707645]
[EC 2.4.1.393 created 2023]
 
 
EC 2.4.2.21     
Accepted name: nicotinate-nucleotide—dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase
Reaction: β-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide + 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole = nicotinate + α-ribazole 5′-phosphate
For diagram of the enzyme’s role in corrin biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: α-ribazole 5′-phosphate = N1-(5-phospho-α-D-ribosyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole
Other name(s): nicotinate mononucleotide-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase; nicotinate ribonucleotide:benzimidazole (adenine) phosphoribosyltransferase; nicotinate-nucleotide:dimethylbenzimidazole phospho-D-ribosyltransferase; CobT; nicotinate mononucleotide (NaMN):5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase
Systematic name: nicotinate-nucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phospho-D-ribosyltransferase
Comments: Also acts on benzimidazole, and the clostridial enzyme acts on adenine to form 7-α-D-ribosyladenine 5′-phosphate. The product of the reaction, α-ribazole 5′-phosphate, forms part of the corrin-biosynthesis pathway and is a substrate for EC 2.7.8.26, adenosylcobinamide-GDP ribazoletransferase [4]. It can also be dephosphorylated to form α-ribazole by the action of EC 3.1.3.73, α-ribazole phosphatase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37277-76-2
References:
1.  Friedmann, H.C. Partial purification and properties of a single displacement trans-N-glycosidase. J. Biol. Chem. 240 (1965) 413–418. [PMID: 14253445]
2.  Friedmann, H.C. and Fyfe, J.A. Pseudovitamin B12 biosynthesis. Enzymatic formation of a new adenylic acid, 7-α-D-ribofuranosyladenine 5′-phosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 244 (1969) 1667–1671. [PMID: 5780835]
3.  Fyfe, J.A. and Friedmann, H.C. Vitamin B12 biosynthesis. Enzyme studies on the formation of the α-glycosidic nucleotide precursor. J. Biol. Chem. 244 (1969) 1659–1666. [PMID: 4238408]
4.  Cameron, B., Blanche, F., Rouyez, M.C., Bisch, D., Famechon, A., Couder, M., Cauchois, L., Thibaut, D., Debussche, L. and Crouzet, J. Genetic analysis, nucleotide sequence, and products of two Pseudomonas denitrificans cob genes encoding nicotinate-nucleotide: dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase and cobalamin (5′-phosphate) synthase. J. Bacteriol. 173 (1991) 6066–6073. [DOI] [PMID: 1917841]
5.  Cheong, C.G., Escalante-Semerena, J.C. and Rayment, I. Structural investigation of the biosynthesis of alternative lower ligands for cobamides by nicotinate mononucleotide: 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase from Salmonella enterica. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 37612–37620. [DOI] [PMID: 11441022]
6.  Cheong, C.G., Escalante-Semerena, J.C. and Rayment, I. Capture of a labile substrate by expulsion of water molecules from the active site of nicotinate mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase (CobT) from Salmonella enterica. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 41120–41127. [DOI] [PMID: 12101181]
[EC 2.4.2.21 created 1972]
 
 
EC 2.5.1.101     
Accepted name: N,N′-diacetyllegionaminate synthase
Reaction: 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-D-mannopyranose + phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O = N,N′-diacetyllegionaminate + phosphate
For diagram of legionaminic acid biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: legionaminate = 5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonate
Other name(s): neuB (gene name); legI (gene name)
Systematic name: phosphoenolpyruvate:2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-D-mannopyranose 1-(2-carboxy-2-oxoethyl)transferase
Comments: Requires a divalent metal such as Mn2+. Isolated from the bacteria Legionella pneumophila and Campylobacter jejuni, where it is involved in the biosynthesis of legionaminic acid, a virulence-associated, cell surface sialic acid-like derivative.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Glaze, P.A., Watson, D.C., Young, N.M. and Tanner, M.E. Biosynthesis of CMP-N,N′-diacetyllegionaminic acid from UDP-N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine in Legionella pneumophila. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 3272–3282. [DOI] [PMID: 18275154]
2.  Schoenhofen, I.C., Vinogradov, E., Whitfield, D.M., Brisson, J.R. and Logan, S.M. The CMP-legionaminic acid pathway in Campylobacter: biosynthesis involving novel GDP-linked precursors. Glycobiology 19 (2009) 715–725. [DOI] [PMID: 19282391]
[EC 2.5.1.101 created 2012]
 
 
EC 2.5.1.135     
Accepted name: validamine 7-phosphate valienyltransferase
Reaction: GDP-valienol + validamine 7-phosphate = validoxylamine A 7′-phosphate + GDP
For diagram of validamycin biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: valienol = (1S,2S,3S,4R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-5-ene-1,2,3,4-tetrol
validamine = (1R,2S,3S,4S,6R)-4-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane-1,2,3-triol
Other name(s): vldE (gene name); valL (gene name)
Systematic name: GDP-valienol:validamine 7-phosphate valienyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from several Streptomyces strains, is involved in the biosynthesis of the antifungal agent validamycin A.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Asamizu, S., Yang, J., Almabruk, K.H. and Mahmud, T. Pseudoglycosyltransferase catalyzes nonglycosidic C-N coupling in validamycin a biosynthesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 12124–12135. [DOI] [PMID: 21766819]
2.  Zheng, L., Zhou, X., Zhang, H., Ji, X., Li, L., Huang, L., Bai, L. and Zhang, H. Structural and functional analysis of validoxylamine A 7′-phosphate synthase ValL involved in validamycin A biosynthesis. PLoS One 7:e32033 (2012). [DOI] [PMID: 22384130]
3.  Cavalier, M.C., Yim, Y.S., Asamizu, S., Neau, D., Almabruk, K.H., Mahmud, T. and Lee, Y.H. Mechanistic insights into validoxylamine A 7′-phosphate synthesis by VldE using the structure of the entire product complex. PLoS One 7:e44934 (2012). [DOI] [PMID: 23028689]
[EC 2.5.1.135 created 2016]
 
 
EC 2.6.1.102     
Accepted name: GDP-perosamine synthase
Reaction: GDP-α-D-perosamine + 2-oxoglutarate = GDP-4-dehydro-α-D-rhamnose + L-glutamate
Glossary: GDP-α-D-perosamine = GDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-α-D-mannose
GDP-4-dehydro-α-D-rhamnose = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-α-D-mannose
Other name(s): RfbE; GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-4-aminotransferase; GDP-perosamine synthetase; PerA; GDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-α-D-mannose:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
Systematic name: GDP-α-D-perosamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
Comments: A pyridoxal 5′-phosphate enzyme. D-Perosamine is one of several dideoxy sugars found in the O-specific polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The enzyme catalyses the final step in GDP-α-D-perosamine synthesis.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Albermann, C. and Piepersberg, W. Expression and identification of the RfbE protein from Vibrio cholerae O1 and its use for the enzymatic synthesis of GDP-D-perosamine. Glycobiology 11 (2001) 655–661. [DOI] [PMID: 11479276]
2.  Zhao, G., Liu, J., Liu, X., Chen, M., Zhang, H. and Wang, P.G. Cloning and characterization of GDP-perosamine synthetase (Per) from Escherichia coli O157:H7 and synthesis of GDP-perosamine in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 363 (2007) 525–530. [DOI] [PMID: 17888872]
3.  Albermann, C. and Beuttler, H. Identification of the GDP-N-acetyl-d-perosamine producing enzymes from Escherichia coli O157:H7. FEBS Lett. 582 (2008) 479–484. [DOI] [PMID: 18201574]
4.  Cook, P.D., Carney, A.E. and Holden, H.M. Accommodation of GDP-linked sugars in the active site of GDP-perosamine synthase. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 10685–10693. [DOI] [PMID: 18795799]
[EC 2.6.1.102 created 2013]
 
 
EC 2.7.1.52     
Accepted name: fucokinase
Reaction: ATP + L-fucose = ADP + β-L-fucose 1-phosphate
For diagram of GDP-L-fucose and GDP-mannose biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): fucokinase (phosphorylating); fucose kinase; L-fucose kinase; L-fucokinase; ATP:6-deoxy-L-galactose 1-phosphotransferase; ATP:L-fucose 1-phosphotransferase
Systematic name: ATP:β-L-fucose 1-phosphotransferase
Comments: Requires a divalent cation for activity, with Mg2+ and Fe2+ giving rise to the highest enzyme activity. Forms part of a salvage pathway for reutilization of L-fucose. Can also phosphorylate D-arabinose, but more slowly.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37278-00-5
References:
1.  Ishihara, H., Massaro, D.J. and Heath, E.C. The metabolism of L-fucose. 3. The enzymatic synthesis of β-L-fucose 1-phosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 243 (1968) 1103–1109. [PMID: 5646161]
2.  Butler, W. and Serif, G.S. Fucokinase, its anomeric specificity and mechanism of phosphate group transfer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 829 (1985) 238–243. [DOI] [PMID: 2986701]
3.  Park, S.H., Pastuszak, I., Drake, R. and Elbein, A.D. Purification to apparent homogeneity and properties of pig kidney L-fucose kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 5685–5691. [DOI] [PMID: 9488699]
[EC 2.7.1.52 created 1972, modified 2004]
 
 
EC 2.7.1.81     
Accepted name: hydroxylysine kinase
Reaction: GTP + 5-hydroxy-L-lysine = GDP + 5-phosphooxy-L-lysine
Other name(s): hydroxylysine kinase (phosphorylating); guanosine triphosphate:5-hydroxy-L-lysine O-phosphotransferase
Systematic name: GTP:5-hydroxy-L-lysine O-phosphotransferase
Comments: Both the natural 5-hydroxy-L-lysine and its 5-epimer act as acceptors.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9073-58-9
References:
1.  Hiles, R.A. and Henderson, L.M. The partial purification and properties of hydroxylysine kinase from rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 247 (1972) 646–651. [PMID: 4621658]
[EC 2.7.1.81 created 1972]
 
 
EC 2.7.1.146     
Accepted name: ADP-specific phosphofructokinase
Reaction: ADP + D-fructose 6-phosphate = AMP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
For diagram of glycolysis, click here
Other name(s): ADP-6-phosphofructokinase; ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase
Systematic name: ADP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase
Comments: ADP can be replaced by GDP, ATP and GTP, to a limited extent. Divalent cations are necessary for activity, with Mg2+ followed by Co2+ being the most effective.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 237739-62-7
References:
1.  Tuininga, J.E., Verhees, C.H., van der Oost, J., Kengen, S.W., Stams, A.J. and de Vos, W.M. Molecular and biochemical characterization of the ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 21023–21028. [DOI] [PMID: 10409652]
[EC 2.7.1.146 created 2001]
 
 
EC 2.7.1.147     
Accepted name: ADP-specific glucose/glucosamine kinase
Reaction: (1) ADP + D-glucose = AMP + D-glucose 6-phosphate
(2) ADP + D-glucosamine = AMP + D-glucosamine 6-phosphate
Other name(s): ADP-specific glucokinase; ADP-dependent glucokinase
Systematic name: ADP:D-glucose/D-glucosamine 6-phosphotransferase
Comments: Requires Mg2+. The enzyme, characterized from a number of hyperthermophilic archaeal species, is highly specific for ADP. No activity is detected when ADP is replaced by ATP, GDP, phosphoenolpyruvate, diphosphate or polyphosphate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 173585-07-4
References:
1.  Kengen, S.W., Tuininga, J.E., de Bok, F.A., Stams, A.J. and de Vos, W.M. Purification and characterization of a novel ADP-dependent glucokinase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 30453–30457. [DOI] [PMID: 8530474]
2.  Koga, S., Yoshioka, I., Sakuraba, H., Takahashi, M., Sakasegawa, S., Shimizu, S. and Ohshima, T. Biochemical characterization, cloning, and sequencing of ADP-dependent (AMP-forming) glucokinase from two hyperthermophilic archaea, Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus litoralis. J. Biochem. 128 (2000) 1079–1085. [PMID: 11098152]
3.  Aslam, M., Takahashi, N., Matsubara, K., Imanaka, T., Kanai, T. and Atomi, H. Identification of the glucosamine kinase in the chitinolytic pathway of Thermococcus kodakarensis. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 125:S1389-1723( (2018). [PMID: 29146530]
[EC 2.7.1.147 created 2001, modified 2020]
 
 
EC 2.7.1.156     
Accepted name: adenosylcobinamide kinase
Reaction: RTP + adenosylcobinamide = adenosylcobinamide phosphate + RDP [where RTP is either ATP or GTP (for symbol definitions, click here)]
For diagram of the enzyme’s role in corrin biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): CobU; adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase; AdoCbi kinase/AdoCbi-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Systematic name: RTP:adenosylcobinamide phosphotransferase
Comments: In Salmonella typhimurium LT2, under anaerobic conditions, CobU (EC 2.7.7.62 and EC 2.7.1.156), CobT (EC 2.4.2.21), CobC (EC 3.1.3.73) and CobS (EC 2.7.8.26) catalyse reactions in the nucleotide loop assembly pathway, which convert adenosylcobinamide (AdoCbi) into adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl). CobT and CobC are involved in 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole activation whereby 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole is converted to its riboside, α-ribazole. The second branch of the nucleotide loop assembly pathway is the cobinamide (Cbi) activation branch where AdoCbi or adenosylcobinamide-phosphate is converted to the activated intermediate AdoCbi-GDP by Cob U. The final step in adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis is the condensation of AdoCbi-GDP with α-ribazole, which is catalysed by EC 2.7.8.26, adenosylcobinamide-GDP ribazoletransferase (CobS), to yield adenosylcobalamin. CobU is a bifunctional enzyme that has both kinase (EC 2.7.1.156) and guanylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.62, adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase) activities. However, both activities are not required at all times. The kinase activity has been proposed to function only when S. typhimurium is assimilating cobinamide whereas the guanylyltransferase activity is required for both assimilation of exogenous cobinamide and for de novo synthesis of adenosylcobalamin [4].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 169592-51-2
References:
1.  O'Toole, G.A. and Escalante-Semerena, J.C. Purification and characterization of the bifunctional CobU enzyme of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Evidence for a CobU-GMP intermediate. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 23560–23569. [DOI] [PMID: 7559521]
2.  Thompson, T.B., Thomas, M.G., Escalante-Semerena, J.C. and Rayment, I. Three-dimensional structure of adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase from Salmonella typhimurium determined to 2.3 Å resolution. Biochemistry 37 (1998) 7686–7695. [DOI] [PMID: 9601028]
3.  Thompson, T.B., Thomas, M.G., Escalante-Semerena, J.C. and Rayment, I. Three-dimensional structure of adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase (CobU) complexed with GMP: evidence for a substrate-induced transferase active site. Biochemistry 38 (1999) 12995–13005. [DOI] [PMID: 10529169]
4.  Thomas, M.G., Thompson, T.B., Rayment, I. and Escalante-Semerena, J.C. Analysis of the adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase (CobU) enzyme of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Identification of residue His-46 as the site of guanylylation. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 27576–27586. [DOI] [PMID: 10869342]
5.  Warren, M.J., Raux, E., Schubert, H.L. and Escalante-Semerena, J.C. The biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin (vitamin B12). Nat. Prod. Rep. 19 (2002) 390–412. [PMID: 12195810]
[EC 2.7.1.156 created 2004]
 
 
EC 2.7.1.168     
Accepted name: D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose-7-phosphate kinase
Reaction: D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate + ATP = D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate + ADP
Other name(s): D-α-D-heptose-7-phosphate kinase; hdda (gene name)
Systematic name: ATP:D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase
Comments: The enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of GDP-D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose, which is required for assembly of S-layer glycoprotein in Gram-positive bacteria. The enzyme is specific for the α-anomer.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Kneidinger, B., Graninger, M., Puchberger, M., Kosma, P. and Messner, P. Biosynthesis of nucleotide-activated D-glycero-D-manno-heptose. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 20935–20944. [DOI] [PMID: 11279237]
2.  Valvano, M.A., Messner, P. and Kosma, P. Novel pathways for biosynthesis of nucleotide-activated glycero-manno-heptose precursors of bacterial glycoproteins and cell surface polysaccharides. Microbiology 148 (2002) 1979–1989. [DOI] [PMID: 12101286]
[EC 2.7.1.168 created 2010]
 
 
EC 2.7.1.190     
Accepted name: aminoglycoside 2′′-phosphotransferase
Reaction: GTP + gentamicin = GDP + gentamicin 2′′-phosphate
Other name(s): aphD (gene name); APH(2′′); aminoglycoside (2′′) kinase; gentamicin kinase (ambiguous); gentamicin phosphotransferase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: GTP:gentamicin 2′′-O-phosphotransferase
Comments: Requires Mg2+. This bacterial enzyme phosphorylates many 4,6-disubstituted aminoglycoside antibiotics that have a hydroxyl group at position 2′′, including kanamycin A, kanamycin B, tobramycin, dibekacin, arbekacin, amikacin, gentamicin C, sisomicin and netilmicin. In most, but not all, cases the phosphorylation confers resistance against the antibiotic. Some forms of the enzyme use ATP as a phosphate donor in appreciable amount. The enzyme is often found as a bifunctional enzyme that also catalyses 6′-aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase activity. The bifunctional enzyme is the most clinically important aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme in Gram-positive bacteria, responsible for high-level resistance in both Enterococci and Staphylococci.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Ferretti, J.J., Gilmore, K.S. and Courvalin, P. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the gene specifying the bifunctional 6′-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase 2"-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase enzyme in Streptococcus faecalis and identification and cloning of gene regions specifying the two activities. J. Bacteriol. 167 (1986) 631–638. [DOI] [PMID: 3015884]
2.  Frase, H., Toth, M. and Vakulenko, S.B. Revisiting the nucleotide and aminoglycoside substrate specificity of the bifunctional aminoglycoside acetyltransferase(6′)-Ie/aminoglycoside phosphotransferase(2′′)-Ia enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (2012) 43262–43269. [DOI] [PMID: 23115238]
[EC 2.7.1.190 created 2015]
 
 
EC 2.7.1.237     
Accepted name: GTP-dependent dephospho-CoA kinase
Reaction: GTP + 3′-dephospho-CoA = GDP + CoA
Systematic name: GTP:3′-dephospho-CoA 3′-phosphotransferase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis, participates in a coenzyme A biosynthesis pathway. cf. EC 2.7.1.24, dephospho-CoA kinase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Shimosaka, T., Makarova, K.S., Koonin, E.V. and Atomi, H. Identification of dephospho-coenzyme A (dephospho-CoA) kinase in Thermococcus kodakarensis and elucidation of the entire CoA biosynthesis pathway in archaea. mBio 10 (2019) . [DOI] [PMID: 31337720]
[EC 2.7.1.237 created 2022]
 
 
EC 2.7.2.10     
Accepted name: phosphoglycerate kinase (GTP)
Reaction: GTP + 3-phospho-D-glycerate = GDP + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate
Systematic name: GTP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 62213-34-7
References:
1.  Reeves, R.E. and South, D.J. Phosphoglycerate kinase (GTP). An enzyme from Entamoeba histolytica selective for guanine nucleotides. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 58 (1974) 1053–1057. [DOI] [PMID: 4365563]
[EC 2.7.2.10 created 1976]
 
 
EC 2.7.3.8     
Accepted name: ammonia kinase
Reaction: ATP + NH3 = ADP + phosphoramide
Other name(s): phosphoramidate-adenosine diphosphate phosphotransferase; phosphoramidate-ADP-phosphotransferase
Systematic name: ATP:ammonia phosphotransferase
Comments: Has a wide specificity. In the reverse direction, N-phosphoglycine and N-phosphohistidine can also act as phosphate donors, and ADP, dADP, GDP, CDP, dTDP, dCDP, IDP and UDP can act as phosphate acceptors (in decreasing order of activity).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37278-16-3
References:
1.  Dowler, M.J. and Nakada, H.I. Yeast phosphoramidate-adenosine diphosphate phosphotransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 243 (1968) 1434–1440. [PMID: 5647264]
[EC 2.7.3.8 created 1972]
 
 
EC 2.7.4.8     
Accepted name: guanylate kinase
Reaction: ATP + GMP = ADP + GDP
For diagram of GTP biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): deoxyguanylate kinase; 5′-GMP kinase; GMP kinase; guanosine monophosphate kinase; ATP:GMP phosphotransferase
Systematic name: ATP:(d)GMP phosphotransferase
Comments: dGMP can also act as acceptor, and dATP can act as donor.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9026-59-9
References:
1.  Buccino, R.J., Jr. and Roth, J.S. Partial purification and properties of ATP:GMP phosphotransferase from rat liver. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 132 (1969) 49–61. [DOI] [PMID: 4307347]
2.  Hiraga, S. and Sugino, Y. Nucleoside monophosphokinases of Escherichia coli infected and uninfected with an RNA phage. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 114 (1966) 416–418. [DOI] [PMID: 5329274]
3.  Griffith, T.J. and Helleiner, C.W. The partial purification of deoxynucleoside monophosphate kinases from L cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 108 (1965) 114–124. [DOI] [PMID: 5862227]
4.  Oeschger, M.P. and Bessman, M.J. Purification and properties of guanylate kinase from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 5452–5460. [PMID: 5333666]
5.  Shimono, H. and Sugino, Y. Metabolism of deoxyribonucleotides. Purification and properties of deoxyguanosine monophosphokinase of calf thymus. Eur. J. Biochem. 19 (1971) 256–263. [DOI] [PMID: 5552394]
[EC 2.7.4.8 created 1965]
 
 
EC 2.7.4.12     
Accepted name: T2-induced deoxynucleotide kinase
Reaction: ATP + dGMP (or dTMP) = ADP + dGDP (or dTDP)
Systematic name: ATP:(d)NMP phosphotransferase
Comments: dTMP and dAMP can act as acceptors; dATP can act as donor.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37278-99-2
References:
1.  Bello, L.J. and Bessman, M.J. The enzymology of virus-infected bacteria. IV. Purification and properties of the deoxynucleotide kinase induced by bacteriophage T2. J. Biol. Chem. 238 (1963) 1777–1787. [PMID: 13967158]
[EC 2.7.4.12 created 1972]
 
 
EC 2.7.4.34     
Accepted name: GDP-polyphosphate phosphotransferase
Reaction: GTP + (phosphate)n = GDP + (phosphate)n+1
Other name(s): ppk2 (gene name); polyphosphate kinase 2
Systematic name: GTP:polyphosphate phosphotransferase
Comments: Polyphosphate kinase 2, characterized from the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, uses inorganic polyphosphate as a donor to convert GDP to GTP. The enzyme can also act on ADP (cf. EC 2.7.4.1, ATP-polyphosphate phosphotransferase), but with lower activity. The enzyme has only a trivial activity in the opposite direction (synthesizing polyphosphate from GTP). The GTP that is produced is believed to be consumed by EC 2.7.7.13, mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase, for production of alginate during stationary phase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Zhang, H., Ishige, K. and Kornberg, A. A polyphosphate kinase (PPK2) widely conserved in bacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 16678–16683. [DOI] [PMID: 12486232]
2.  Ishige, K., Zhang, H. and Kornberg, A. Polyphosphate kinase (PPK2), a potent, polyphosphate-driven generator of GTP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 16684–16688. [DOI] [PMID: 12482933]
[EC 2.7.4.34 created 2021]
 
 
EC 2.7.6.5     
Accepted name: GTP diphosphokinase
Reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3′-diphosphate 5′-triphosphate
Other name(s): stringent factor; guanosine 3′,5′-polyphosphate synthase; GTP pyrophosphokinase; ATP-GTP 3′-diphosphotransferase; guanosine 5′,3′-polyphosphate synthetase; (p)ppGpp synthetase I; (p)ppGpp synthetase II; guanosine pentaphosphate synthetase; GPSI; GPSII
Systematic name: ATP:GTP 3′-diphosphotransferase
Comments: GDP can also act as acceptor.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 63690-89-1
References:
1.  Fehr, S. and Richter, D. Stringent response of Bacillus stearothermophilus: evidence for the existence of two distinct guanosine 3′,5′-polyphosphate synthetases. J. Bacteriol. 145 (1981) 68–73. [PMID: 6161916]
2.  Sy, J. and Akers, H. Purification and properties of guanosine 5′,3′-polyphosphate synthetase from Bacillus brevis. Biochemistry 15 (1976) 4399–4403. [PMID: 184817]
[EC 2.7.6.5 created 1981]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.8     
Accepted name: polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase
Reaction: RNAn+1 + phosphate = RNAn + a nucleoside diphosphate
Other name(s): polynucleotide phosphorylase; PNPase (ambiguous); nucleoside diphosphate:polynucleotidyl transferase; polyribonucleotide phosphorylase
Systematic name: polyribonucleotide:phosphate nucleotidyltransferase
Comments: ADP, IDP, GDP, UDP and CDP can act as donors.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9014-12-4
References:
1.  Hakim, A.A. Synthetic activity of polynucleotide phosphorylase from sperm. Nature 183 (1959) 334. [PMID: 13632712]
2.  Littauer, U.Z. and Kornberg, A. Reversible synthesis of polyribonucleotides with an enzyme from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 226 (1957) 1077–1092. [PMID: 13438894]
3.  Ochoa, S. and Mii, S. Enzymatic synthesis of polynucleotides. IV. Purification and properties of polynucleotide phosphorylase from Azotobacter vinelandii. J. Biol. Chem. 236 (1961) 3303–3311. [PMID: 14481058]
[EC 2.7.7.8 created 1961]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.13     
Accepted name: mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Reaction: GTP + α-D-mannose 1-phosphate = diphosphate + GDP-mannose
For diagram of GDP-L-fucose and GDP-mannose biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): GTP-mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase; PIM-GMP (phosphomannose isomerase-guanosine 5′-diphospho-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase); GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase; guanosine 5′-diphospho-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase; guanosine diphosphomannose pyrophosphorylase; guanosine triphosphate-mannose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase; mannose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (guanosine triphosphate)
Systematic name: GTP:α-D-mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Comments: The bacterial enzyme can also use ITP and dGTP as donors.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37278-24-3
References:
1.  Munch-Peterson, A. Enzymatic synthesis and phosphorolysis of guanosine diphosphate mannose. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 55 (1955) 592–593.
2.  Preiss, J. and Wood, E. Sugar nucleotide reactions in Arthrobacter. I. Guanosinediphosphate mannose pyrophosphorylase: purification and properties. J. Biol. Chem. 239 (1964) 3119–3126. [PMID: 14245350]
[EC 2.7.7.13 created 1961, modified 1976]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.22     
Accepted name: mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (GDP)
Reaction: GDP + α-D-mannose 1-phosphate = phosphate + GDP-mannose
For diagram of GDP-L-fucose and GDP-mannose biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): GDP mannose phosphorylase; mannose 1-phosphate (guanosine diphosphate) guanylyltransferase; GDP mannose phosphorylase; GDP-mannose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase; guanosine diphosphate-mannose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase; guanosine diphosphomannose phosphorylase; mannose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase; GDP:D-mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Systematic name: GDP:α-D-mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9026-31-7
References:
1.  Carminatti, H. and Cabib, E. Phosphorolysis of the pyrophosphate bond of some nucleotides. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 53 (1961) 417–419. [DOI] [PMID: 13876695]
[EC 2.7.7.22 created 1965, modified 1976]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.28     
Accepted name: nucleoside-triphosphate-aldose-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase
Reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + α-D-aldose 1-phosphate = diphosphate + NDP-hexose
Other name(s): NDP hexose pyrophosphorylase; hexose 1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase; hexose nucleotidylating enzyme; nucleoside diphosphohexose pyrophosphorylase; hexose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase; GTP:α-D-hexose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase; GDP hexose pyrophosphorylase; guanosine diphosphohexose pyrophosphorylase; nucleoside-triphosphate-hexose-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase; NTP:hexose-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase
Systematic name: NTP:α-D-aldose-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase
Comments: In decreasing order of activity, guanosine, inosine and adenosine diphosphate hexoses are substrates in the reverse reaction, with either glucose or mannose as the sugar.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37278-26-5
References:
1.  Verachtert, H., Rodriguez, P., Bass, S.T. and Hansen, R.G. Purification and properties of guanosine diphosphate hexose pyrophosphorylase from mammalian tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 2007–2013. [PMID: 5946626]
2.  Hansen, R.G., Verachtert, H., Rodriguez, P. and Bass, S.T. GDP-hexose pyrophosphorylase from liver. Methods Enzymol. 8 (1966) 269–271.
[EC 2.7.7.28 created 1972, modified 2004 (EC 2.7.7.29 created 1972, incorporated 2004)]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.30     
Accepted name: fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Reaction: GTP + β-L-fucose 1-phosphate = diphosphate + GDP-L-fucose
For diagram of GDP-L-fucose and GDP-mannose biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): GDP fucose pyrophosphorylase; guanosine diphosphate L-fucose pyrophosphorylase; GDP-L-fucose pyrophosphorylase; GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase; GTP:L-fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Systematic name: GTP:β-L-fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9033-14-1
References:
1.  Ishihara, H. and Heath, E.C. The metabolism of L-fucose. IV. The biosynthesis of guanosine diphosphate L-fucose in porcine liver. J. Biol. Chem. 243 (1968) 1110–1115. [PMID: 5646162]
[EC 2.7.7.30 created 1972]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.34     
Accepted name: glucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Reaction: GTP + α-D-glucose 1-phosphate = diphosphate + GDP-glucose
For diagram of GTP biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): GDP glucose pyrophosphorylase; guanosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase
Systematic name: GTP:α-D-glucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on D-mannose 1-phosphate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9033-13-0
References:
1.  Danishefsky, I. and Heritier-Watkins, O. Nucleoside diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylases in mast cell tumors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 139 (1967) 349–357. [DOI] [PMID: 6034677]
[EC 2.7.7.34 created 1972]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.45     
Accepted name: guanosine-triphosphate guanylyltransferase
Reaction: 2 GTP = diphosphate + P1,P4-bis(5′-guanosyl) tetraphosphate
Other name(s): diguanosine tetraphosphate synthetase; GTP-GTP guanylyltransferase; Gp4G synthetase; guanosine triphosphate-guanose triphosphate guanylyltransferase
Systematic name: GTP:GTP guanylyltransferase
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on GDP to form P1,P3-bis(5′-guanosyl) triphosphate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 54576-89-5
References:
1.  Warner, A.H., Beers, P.C. and Huang, F.L. Biosynthesis of the diguanosine nucleotides. I. Purification and properties of an enzyme from yolk platelets of brine shrimp embryos. Can. J. Biochem. 52 (1974) 231–240. [PMID: 4208243]
[EC 2.7.7.45 created 1976]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.62     
Accepted name: adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Reaction: GTP + adenosylcobinamide phosphate = diphosphate + adenosylcobinamide-GDP
For diagram of the enzyme’s role in corrin biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): CobU; adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase; AdoCbi kinase/AdoCbi-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Systematic name: GTP:adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Comments: In Salmonella typhimurium LT2, under anaerobic conditions, CobU (EC 2.7.7.62 and EC 2.7.1.156), CobT (EC 2.4.2.21), CobC (EC 3.1.3.73) and CobS (EC 2.7.8.26) catalyse reactions in the nucleotide loop assembly pathway, which convert adenosylcobinamide (AdoCbi) into adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl). CobT and CobC are involved in 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole activation whereby 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole is converted to its riboside, α-ribazole. The second branch of the nuclotide loop assembly pathway is the cobinamide (Cbi) activation branch where AdoCbi or adenosylcobinamide-phosphate is converted to the activated intermediate AdoCbi-GDP by the bifunctional enzyme Cob U. The final step in adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis is the condensation of AdoCbi-GDP with α-ribazole, which is catalysed by EC 2.7.8.26, cobalamin synthase (CobS), to yield adenosylcobalamin. CobU is a bifunctional enzyme that has both kinase (EC 2.7.1.156) and guanylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.62) activities. However, both activities are not required at all times.The kinase activity has been proposed to function only when S. typhimurium is assimilating cobinamide whereas the guanylyltransferase activity is required for both assimilation of exogenous cobinamide and for de novo synthesis of adenosylcobalamin [4]. The guanylyltransferase reaction is a two-stage reaction with formation of a CobU-GMP intermediate [1]. Guanylylation takes place at histidine-46.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 169592-55-6
References:
1.  O'Toole, G.A. and Escalante-Semerena, J.C. Purification and characterization of the bifunctional CobU enzyme of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Evidence for a CobU-GMP intermediate. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 23560–23569. [DOI] [PMID: 7559521]
2.  Thompson, T.B., Thomas, M.G., Escalante-Semerena, J.C. and Rayment, I. Three-dimensional structure of adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase from Salmonella typhimurium determined to 2.3 Å resolution. Biochemistry 37 (1998) 7686–7695. [DOI] [PMID: 9601028]
3.  Thompson, T.B., Thomas, M.G., Escalante-Semerena, J.C. and Rayment, I. Three-dimensional structure of adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase (CobU) complexed with GMP: evidence for a substrate-induced transferase active site. Biochemistry 38 (1999) 12995–13005. [DOI] [PMID: 10529169]
4.  Thomas, M.G., Thompson, T.B., Rayment, I. and Escalante-Semerena, J.C. Analysis of the adenosylcobinamide kinase/adenosylcobinamide-phosphate guanylyltransferase (CobU) enzyme of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Identification of residue His-46 as the site of guanylylation. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 27576–27586. [DOI] [PMID: 10869342]
5.  Warren, M.J., Raux, E., Schubert, H.L. and Escalante-Semerena, J.C. The biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin (vitamin B12). Nat. Prod. Rep. 19 (2002) 390–412. [PMID: 12195810]
[EC 2.7.7.62 created 2004]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.69     
Accepted name: GDP-L-galactose/GDP-D-glucose: hexose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Reaction: (1) GDP-β-L-galactose + α-D-mannose 1-phosphate = β-L-galactose 1-phosphate + GDP-α-D-mannose
(2) GDP-α-D-glucose + α-D-mannose 1-phosphate = α-D-glucose 1-phosphate + GDP-α-D-mannose
Other name(s): VTC2; VTC5; GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase
Systematic name: GDP-β-L-galactose/GDP-α-D-glucose:hexose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Comments: This plant enzyme catalyses the conversion of GDP-β-L-galactose and GDP-α-D-glucose to β-L-galactose 1-phosphate and α-D-glucose 1-phosphate, respectively. The enzyme can use inorganic phosphate as the co-substrate, but several hexose 1-phosphates, including α-D-mannose 1-phosphate, α-D-glucose 1-phosphate, and α-D-galactose 1-phosphate, are better guanylyl acceptors. The enzyme's activity on GDP-β-L-galactose is crucial for the biosynthesis of L-ascorbate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Linster, C.L., Gomez, T.A., Christensen, K.C., Adler, L.N., Young, B.D., Brenner, C. and Clarke, S.G. Arabidopsis VTC2 encodes a GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase, the last unknown enzyme in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway to ascorbic acid in plants. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 18879–18885. [DOI] [PMID: 17462988]
2.  Dowdle, J., Ishikawa, T., Gatzek, S., Rolinski, S. and Smirnoff, N. Two genes in Arabidopsis thaliana encoding GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase are required for ascorbate biosynthesis and seedling viability. Plant J. 52 (2007) 673–689. [DOI] [PMID: 17877701]
3.  Wolucka, B.A. and Van Montagu, M. The VTC2 cycle and the de novo biosynthesis pathways for vitamin C in plants: an opinion. Phytochemistry 68 (2007) 2602–2613. [DOI] [PMID: 17950389]
4.  Laing, W.A., Wright, M.A., Cooney, J. and Bulley, S.M. The missing step of the L-galactose pathway of ascorbate biosynthesis in plants, an L-galactose guanyltransferase, increases leaf ascorbate content. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (2007) 9534–9539. [DOI] [PMID: 17485667]
5.  Linster, C.L., Adler, L.N., Webb, K., Christensen, K.C., Brenner, C. and Clarke, S.G. A second GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase in arabidopsis en route to vitamin C. Covalent intermediate and substrate requirements for the conserved reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 18483–18492. [DOI] [PMID: 18463094]
6.  Muller-Moule, P. An expression analysis of the ascorbate biosynthesis enzyme VTC2. Plant Mol. Biol. 68 (2008) 31–41. [DOI] [PMID: 18516687]
[EC 2.7.7.69 created 2010, modified 2020]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.71     
Accepted name: D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Reaction: D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate + GTP = GDP-D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose + diphosphate
Other name(s): hddC (gene name); gmhD (gene name)
Systematic name: GTP:D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of GDP-D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose, which is required for assembly of S-layer glycoprotein in some Gram-positive bacteria.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Kneidinger, B., Graninger, M., Puchberger, M., Kosma, P. and Messner, P. Biosynthesis of nucleotide-activated D-glycero-D-manno-heptose. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 20935–20944. [DOI] [PMID: 11279237]
[EC 2.7.7.71 created 2010]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.78     
Accepted name: GDP-D-glucose phosphorylase
Reaction: GDP-α-D-glucose + phosphate = α-D-glucose 1-phosphate + GDP
Systematic name: GDP:α-D-glucose 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme may be involved in prevention of misincorporation of glucose in place of mannose residues into glycoconjugates i.e. to remove accidentally produced GDP-α-D-glucose. Activities with GDP-L-galactose, GDP-D-mannose and UDP-D-glucose are all less than 3% that with GDP-D-glucose.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Adler, L.N., Gomez, T.A., Clarke, S.G. and Linster, C.L. A novel GDP-D-glucose phosphorylase involved in quality control of the nucleoside diphosphate sugar pool in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 21511–21523. [DOI] [PMID: 21507950]
[EC 2.7.7.78 created 2011]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.82     
Accepted name: CMP-N,N′-diacetyllegionaminic acid synthase
Reaction: CTP + N,N′-diacetyllegionaminate = CMP-N,N′-diacetyllegionaminate + diphosphate
For diagram of legionaminic acid biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: legionaminate = 5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonate
Other name(s): CMP-N,N′-diacetyllegionaminic acid synthetase; neuA (gene name); legF (gene name)
Systematic name: CTP:N,N′-diacetyllegionaminate cytidylyltransferase
Comments: Isolated from the bacteria Legionella pneumophila and Campylobacter jejuni. Involved in biosynthesis of legionaminic acid, a sialic acid-like derivative that is incorporated into virulence-associated cell surface glycoconjugates which may include lipopolysaccharide (LPS), capsular polysaccharide, pili and flagella.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Glaze, P.A., Watson, D.C., Young, N.M. and Tanner, M.E. Biosynthesis of CMP-N,N′-diacetyllegionaminic acid from UDP-N,N′-diacetylbacillosamine in Legionella pneumophila. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 3272–3282. [DOI] [PMID: 18275154]
2.  Schoenhofen, I.C., Vinogradov, E., Whitfield, D.M., Brisson, J.R. and Logan, S.M. The CMP-legionaminic acid pathway in Campylobacter: biosynthesis involving novel GDP-linked precursors. Glycobiology 19 (2009) 715–725. [DOI] [PMID: 19282391]
[EC 2.7.7.82 created 2012]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.88     
Accepted name: GDP polyribonucleotidyltransferase
Reaction: (5′)pppAACA-[mRNA] + GDP = diphosphate + G(5′)pppAACA-[mRNA] (overall reaction)
(1a) (5′)pppAACA-[mRNA] + [protein L]-L-histidine = diphosphate + [protein L]-L-histidyl-(5′)phosphonato-AACA-[mRNA] + H2O
(1b) [protein L]-L-histidyl-(5′)phosphonato-AACA-[mRNA] + GDP + H2O = [protein L]-L-histidine + G(5′)pppAACA-[mRNA]
Other name(s): PRNTase; 5′-triphospho-mRNA:GDP 5′-phosphopolyribonucleotidyltransferase [G(5′)ppp-mRNA-forming]
Systematic name: (5′)pppAACA-[mRNA]:GDP 5′-phosphopolyribonucleotidyltransferase [(5′)pppAACA-[mRNA]-forming]
Comments: The enzyme from non-segmented negative strain (NNS) viruses (e.g. rhabdoviruses and lyssaviruses) is specific for mRNAs with sequences starting with AACA. cf. EC 2.7.7.50, mRNA guanylyltransferase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Ogino, T. and Banerjee, A.K. Unconventional mechanism of mRNA capping by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus. Mol. Cell 25 (2007) 85–97. [DOI] [PMID: 17218273]
2.  Ogino, T. and Banerjee, A.K. Formation of guanosine(5′)tetraphospho(5′)adenosine cap structure by an unconventional mRNA capping enzyme of vesicular stomatitis virus. J. Virol. 82 (2008) 7729–7734. [DOI] [PMID: 18495767]
3.  Ogino, T., Yadav, S.P. and Banerjee, A.K. Histidine-mediated RNA transfer to GDP for unique mRNA capping by vesicular stomatitis virus RNA polymerase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107 (2010) 3463–3468. [DOI] [PMID: 20142503]
4.  Ogino, T. and Banerjee, A.K. The HR motif in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L protein of Chandipura virus is required for unconventional mRNA-capping activity. J. Gen. Virol. 91 (2010) 1311–1314. [DOI] [PMID: 20107017]
5.  Ogino, T. and Banerjee, A.K. An unconventional pathway of mRNA cap formation by vesiculoviruses. Virus Res. 162 (2011) 100–109. [DOI] [PMID: 21945214]
6.  Ogino, M., Ito, N., Sugiyama, M. and Ogino, T. The rabies virus L protein catalyzes mRNA capping with GDP polyribonucleotidyltransferase activity. Viruses 8:144 (2016). [DOI] [PMID: 27213429]
[EC 2.7.7.88 created 2015, modified 2020]
 
 
EC 2.7.7.91     
Accepted name: valienol-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Reaction: GTP + valienol 1-phosphate = diphosphate + GDP-valienol
For diagram of validamycin biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: valienol 1-phosphate = (1S,4R,5S,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl phosphate
Other name(s): vldB (gene name)
Systematic name: GTP:valienol 1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. limoneus, is involved in the biosynthesis of the antifungal agent validamycin A.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Yang, J., Xu, H., Zhang, Y., Bai, L., Deng, Z. and Mahmud, T. Nucleotidylation of unsaturated carbasugar in validamycin biosynthesis. Org. Biomol. Chem. 9 (2011) 438–449. [DOI] [PMID: 20981366]
2.  Asamizu, S., Yang, J., Almabruk, K.H. and Mahmud, T. Pseudoglycosyltransferase catalyzes nonglycosidic C-N coupling in validamycin a biosynthesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 12124–12135. [DOI] [PMID: 21766819]
[EC 2.7.7.91 created 2016]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.9     
Accepted name: phosphomannan mannosephosphotransferase
Reaction: GDP-mannose + (phosphomannan)n = GMP + (phosphomannan)n+1
Systematic name: GDP-mannose:phosphomannan mannose phosphotransferase
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37278-31-2
References:
1.  Bretthauer, R.K., Kozak, L.P. and Irwin, W.E. Phosphate and mannose transfer from guanosine diphosphate mannose to yeast mannan acceptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 37 (1969) 820–827. [DOI] [PMID: 4311996]
[EC 2.7.8.9 created 1972]
 
 
EC 2.7.8.26     
Accepted name: adenosylcobinamide-GDP ribazoletransferase
Reaction: (1) adenosylcobinamide-GDP + α-ribazole = GMP + adenosylcobalamin
(2) adenosylcobinamide-GDP + α-ribazole 5′-phosphate = GMP + adenosylcobalamin 5′-phosphate
For diagram of the enzyme's role in corrin biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): CobS; cobalamin synthase; cobalamin-5′-phosphate synthase; cobalamin (5′-phosphate) synthase
Systematic name: adenosylcobinamide-GDP:α-ribazole ribazoletransferase
Comments: In Salmonella typhimurium LT2, under anaerobic conditions, CobU (EC 2.7.7.62 and EC 2.7.1.156), CobT (EC 2.4.2.21), CobC (EC 3.1.3.73) and CobS (EC 2.7.8.26) catalyse reactions in the nucleotide loop assembly pathway, which convert adenosylcobinamide (AdoCbi) into adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl). CobT and CobC are involved in 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole activation whereby 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole is converted to its riboside, α-ribazole. The second branch of the nucleotide loop assembly pathway is the cobinamide activation branch where AdoCbi or adenosylcobinamide-phosphate is converted to the activated intermediate AdoCbi-GDP by the bifunctional enzyme Cob U. CobS catalyses the final step in adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis, which is the condensation of AdoCbi-GDP with α-ribazole to yield adenosylcobalamin.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 137672-85-6
References:
1.  Maggio-Hall, L.A. and Escalante-Semerena, J.C. In vitro synthesis of the nucleotide loop of cobalamin by Salmonella typhimurium enzymes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 11798–11803. [DOI] [PMID: 10518530]
2.  Warren, M.J., Raux, E., Schubert, H.L. and Escalante-Semerena, J.C. The biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin (vitamin B12). Nat. Prod. Rep. 19 (2002) 390–412. [PMID: 12195810]
3.  Cameron, B., Blanche, F., Rouyez, M.C., Bisch, D., Famechon, A., Couder, M., Cauchois, L., Thibaut, D., Debussche, L. and Crouzet, J. Genetic analysis, nucleotide sequence, and products of two Pseudomonas denitrificans cob genes encoding nicotinate-nucleotide: dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase and cobalamin (5′-phosphate) synthase. J. Bacteriol. 173 (1991) 6066–6073. [DOI] [PMID: 1917841]
[EC 2.7.8.26 created 2004]
 
 
EC 3.1.3.83     
Accepted name: D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate 7-phosphatase
Reaction: D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate + H2O = D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose 1-phosphate + phosphate
Other name(s): gmhB (gene name)
Systematic name: D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate 7-phosphohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of GDP-D-glycero-α-D-manno-heptose, which is required for assembly of S-layer glycoprotein in some Gram-positive bacteria. The in vitro catalytic efficiency of the enzyme from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is 6-fold higher with the α-anomer than with the β-anomer [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Wang, L., Huang, H., Nguyen, H.H., Allen, K.N., Mariano, P.S. and Dunaway-Mariano, D. Divergence of biochemical function in the HAD superfamily: D-glycero-D-manno-heptose-1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase (GmhB). Biochemistry 49 (2010) 1072–1081. [DOI] [PMID: 20050615]
[EC 3.1.3.83 created 2010]
 
 
EC 3.1.3.85     
Accepted name: glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase
Reaction: 2-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-phospho-D-glycerate + H2O = 2-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glycerate + phosphate
Other name(s): GpgP protein
Systematic name: α-D-glucosyl-3-phospho-D-glycerate phosphohydrolase
Comments: The enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of 2-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glycerate via the two-step pathway in which EC 2.4.1.266 (glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase) catalyses the conversion of GDP-glucose and 3-phospho-D-glycerate into 2-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-phospho-D-glycerate, which is then converted to 2-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glycerate by glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase. In vivo the enzyme catalyses the dephosphorylation of 2-O-(α-D-mannopyranosyl)-3-phospho-D-glycerate with lower efficiency [1,2]. Divalent metal ions (Mg2+, Mn2+ or Co2+) stimulate activity [1,2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Costa, J., Empadinhas, N. and da Costa, M.S. Glucosylglycerate biosynthesis in the deepest lineage of the bacteria: characterization of the thermophilic proteins GpgS and GpgP from Persephonella marina. J. Bacteriol. 189 (2007) 1648–1654. [DOI] [PMID: 17189358]
2.  Costa, J., Empadinhas, N., Goncalves, L., Lamosa, P., Santos, H. and da Costa, M.S. Characterization of the biosynthetic pathway of glucosylglycerate in the archaeon Methanococcoides burtonii. J. Bacteriol. 188 (2006) 1022–1030. [DOI] [PMID: 16428406]
3.  Mendes, V., Maranha, A., Alarico, S., da Costa, M.S. and Empadinhas, N. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2419c, the missing glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase for the second step in methylglucose lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Sci. Rep. 1:177 (2011). [DOI] [PMID: 22355692]
[EC 3.1.3.85 created 2011]
 
 


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