EC |
1.14.14.1 |
Accepted name: |
unspecific monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
RH + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = ROH + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
Other name(s): |
microsomal monooxygenase; xenobiotic monooxygenase; aryl-4-monooxygenase; aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase; microsomal P-450; flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase; flavoprotein monooxygenase; substrate,reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating or -epoxidizing) |
Systematic name: |
substrate,NADPH—hemoprotein reductase:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating or -epoxidizing) |
Comments: |
A group of P-450 heme-thiolate proteins, acting on a wide range of substrates including many xenobiotics, steroids, fatty acids, vitamins and prostaglandins; reactions catalysed include hydroxylation, epoxidation, N-oxidation, sulfooxidation, N-, S- and O-dealkylations, desulfation, deamination, and reduction of azo, nitro and N-oxide groups. Together with EC 1.6.2.4, NADPH—hemoprotein reductase, it forms a system in which two reducing equivalents are supplied by NADPH. Some of the reactions attributed to EC 1.14.15.3, alkane 1-monooxygenase, belong here. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9038-14-6 |
References: |
1. |
Booth, J. and Boyland, E. The biochemistry of aromatic amines. 3. Enzymic hydroxylation by rat-liver microsomes. Biochem. J. 66 (1957) 73–78. [PMID: 13426111] |
2. |
Fujita, T. and Mannering, G.J. Differences in soluble P-450 hemoproteins from livers of rats treated with phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene. Chem. Biol. Interact. 3 (1971) 264–265. [DOI] [PMID: 5132997] |
3. |
Haugen, D.A. and Coon, M.J. Properties of electrophoretically homogeneous phenobarbital-inducible and β-naphthoflavone-inducible forms of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. J. Biol. Chem. 251 (1976) 7929–7939. [PMID: 187601] |
4. |
Imaoka, S., Inoue, K. and Funae, Y. Aminopyrine metabolism by multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 from rat liver microsomes: simultaneous quantitation of four aminopyrine metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 265 (1988) 159–170. [DOI] [PMID: 3415241] |
5. |
Johnson, E.F., Zounes, M. and Müller-Eberhard, U. Characterization of three forms of rabbit microsomal cytochrome P-450 by peptide mapping utilizing limited proteolysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and analysis by gel electrophoresis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 192 (1979) 282–289. [DOI] [PMID: 434823] |
6. |
Kupfer, D., Miranda, G.K., Navarro, J., Piccolo, D.E. and Theoharides, A.D. Effect of inducers and inhibitors of monooxygenase on the hydroxylation of prostaglandins in the guinea pig. Evidence for several monooxygenases catalyzing ω- and ω-1-hydroxylation. J. Biol. Chem. 254 (1979) 10405–10414. [PMID: 489601] |
7. |
Lang, M.A., Gielen, J.E. and Nebert, D.W. Genetic evidence for many unique liver microsomal P-450-mediated monooxygenase activities in heterogeneic stock mice. J. Biol. Chem. 256 (1981) 12068–12075. [PMID: 7298645] |
8. |
Lang, M.A. and Nebert, D.W. Structural gene products of the Ah locus. Evidence for many unique P-450-mediated monooxygenase activities reconstituted from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated C57BL/6N mouse liver microsomes. J. Biol. Chem. 256 (1981) 12058–12075. [PMID: 7298644] |
9. |
Leo, M.A., Lasker, J.M., Rauby, J.L., Kim, C.I., Black, M. and Lieber, C.S. Metabolism of retinol and retinoic acid by human liver cytochrome P450IIC8. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 269 (1989) 305–312. [DOI] [PMID: 2916844] |
10. |
Lu, A.Y.H., Kuntzman, S.W., Jacobson, M. and Conney, A.H. Reconstituted liver microsomal enzyme system that hydroxylates drugs, other foreign compounds, and endogenous substrates. II. Role of the cytochrome P-450 and P-448 fractions in drug and steroid hydroxylations. J. Biol. Chem. 247 (1972) 1727–1734. [PMID: 4401153] |
11. |
Mitoma, C., Posner, H.S., Reitz, H.C. and Udenfriend, S. Enzymic hydroxylation of aromatic compounds. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 61 (1956) 431–441. [DOI] [PMID: 13314626] |
12. |
Mitoma, C. and Udenfriend, S. Aryl-4-hydroxylase. Methods Enzymol. 5 (1962) 816–819. |
13. |
Napoli, J.L., Okita, R.T., Masters, B.S. and Horst, R.L. Identification of 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as a rat renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolite. Biochemistry 20 (1981) 5865–5871. [PMID: 7295706] |
14. |
Nebert, D.W. and Gelboin, H.V. Substrate-inducible microsomal aryl hydroxylase in mammalian cell culture. I. Assay and properties of induced enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 243 (1968) 6242–6249. [PMID: 4387094] |
15. |
Suhara, K., Ohashi, K., Takahashi, K. and Katagiri, M. Aromatase and nonaromatizing 10-demethylase activity of adrenal cortex mitochondrial P-450(11)beta. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 267 (1988) 31–37. [DOI] [PMID: 3264134] |
16. |
Theoharides, A.D. and Kupfer, D. Evidence for different hepatic microsomal monooxygenases catalyzing ω- and (ω-1)-hydroxylations of prostaglandins E1 and E2. Effects of inducers of monooxygenase on the kinetic constants of prostaglandin hydroxylation. J. Biol. Chem. 256 (1981) 2168–2175. [PMID: 7462235] |
17. |
Thomas, P.E., Lu, A.Y.H., Ryan, D., West, S.B., Kawalek, J. and Levin, W. Immunochemical evidence for six forms of rat liver cytochrome P450 obtained using antibodies against purified rat liver cytochromes P450 and P448. Mol. Pharmacol. 12 (1976) 746–758. [PMID: 825720] |
|
[EC 1.14.14.1 created 1961 as EC 1.99.1.1, transferred 1965 to EC 1.14.1.1, transferred 1972 to EC 1.14.14.1 (EC 1.14.14.2 created 1972, incorporated 1976, EC 1.14.99.8 created 1972, incorporated 1984), modified 2015] |
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EC |
1.14.14.10 |
Accepted name: |
nitrilotriacetate monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
nitrilotriacetate + FMNH2 + H+ + O2 = iminodiacetate + glyoxylate + FMN + H2O |
Systematic name: |
nitrilotriacetate,FMNH2:oxygen oxidoreductase (glyoxylate-forming) |
Comments: |
Requires Mg2+. The enzyme from Aminobacter aminovorans (previously Chelatobacter heintzii) is part of a two component system that also includes EC 1.5.1.42 (FMN reductase), which provides reduced flavin mononucleotide for this enzyme. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Uetz, T., Schneider, R., Snozzi, M. and Egli, T. Purification and characterization of a two-component monooxygenase that hydroxylates nitrilotriacetate from "Chelatobacter" strain ATCC 29600. J. Bacteriol. 174 (1992) 1179–1188. [DOI] [PMID: 1735711] |
2. |
Knobel, H.R., Egli, T. and van der Meer, J.R. Cloning and characterization of the genes encoding nitrilotriacetate monooxygenase of Chelatobacter heintzii ATCC 29600. J. Bacteriol. 178 (1996) 6123–6132. [DOI] [PMID: 8892809] |
3. |
Xu, Y., Mortimer, M.W., Fisher, T.S., Kahn, M.L., Brockman, F.J. and Xun, L. Cloning, sequencing, and analysis of a gene cluster from Chelatobacter heintzii ATCC 29600 encoding nitrilotriacetate monooxygenase and NADH:flavin mononucleotide oxidoreductase. J. Bacteriol. 179 (1997) 1112–1116. [DOI] [PMID: 9023192] |
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[EC 1.14.14.10 created 2011] |
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EC |
1.14.14.11 |
Accepted name: |
styrene monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
styrene + FADH2 + O2 = (S)-2-phenyloxirane + FAD + H2O |
Other name(s): |
StyA; SMO; NSMOA |
Systematic name: |
styrene,FADH2:oxygen oxidoreductase |
Comments: |
The enzyme catalyses the first step in the aerobic styrene degradation pathway. It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB) that utilizes NADH to reduce flavin-adenine dinucleotide, which is then transferred to the oxygenase. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Otto, K., Hofstetter, K., Rothlisberger, M., Witholt, B. and Schmid, A. Biochemical characterization of StyAB from Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120 as a two-component flavin-diffusible monooxygenase. J. Bacteriol. 186 (2004) 5292–5302. [DOI] [PMID: 15292130] |
2. |
Tischler, D., Kermer, R., Groning, J.A., Kaschabek, S.R., van Berkel, W.J. and Schlomann, M. StyA1 and StyA2B from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP: a multifunctional styrene monooxygenase system. J. Bacteriol. 192 (2010) 5220–5227. [DOI] [PMID: 20675468] |
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[EC 1.14.14.11 created 2011] |
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EC |
1.14.14.12 |
Accepted name: |
3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione + FMNH2 + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione + FMN + H2O |
Other name(s): |
HsaA |
Systematic name: |
3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione,FMNH2:oxygen oxidoreductase |
Comments: |
This bacterial enzyme participates in the degradation of several steroids, including cholesterol and testosterone. It can use either FADH or FMNH2 as flavin cofactor. The enzyme forms a two-component system with a reductase (HsaB) that utilizes NADH to reduce the flavin, which is then transferred to the oxygenase subunit. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB |
References: |
1. |
Dresen, C., Lin, L.Y., D'Angelo, I., Tocheva, E.I., Strynadka, N. and Eltis, L.D. A flavin-dependent monooxygenase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis involved in cholesterol catabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 285 (2010) 22264–22275. [DOI] [PMID: 20448045] |
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[EC 1.14.14.12 created 2011] |
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EC |
1.14.14.13 |
Accepted name: |
4-(γ-L-glutamylamino)butanoyl-[BtrI acyl-carrier protein] monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
4-(γ-L-glutamylamino)butanoyl-[BtrI acyl-carrier protein] + FMNH2 + O2 = 4-(γ-L-glutamylamino)-(2S)-2-hydroxybutanoyl-[BtrI acyl-carrier protein] + FMN + H2O |
Other name(s): |
btrO (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
4-(γ-L-glutamylamino)butanoyl-[BtrI acyl-carrier protein],FMNH2:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
Catalyses a step in the biosynthesis of the side chain of the aminoglycoside antibiotics of the butirosin family. FMNH2 is used as a free cofactor. Forms a complex with a dedicated NAD(P)H:FMN oxidoreductase. The enzyme is not able to hydroxylate free substrates, activation by the acyl-carrier protein is mandatory.
Octanoyl-S-[BtrI acyl-carrier protein] is also accepted. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Li, Y., Llewellyn, N.M., Giri, R., Huang, F. and Spencer, J.B. Biosynthesis of the unique amino acid side chain of butirosin: possible protective-group chemistry in an acyl carrier protein-mediated pathway. Chem. Biol. 12 (2005) 665–675. [DOI] [PMID: 15975512] |
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[EC 1.14.14.13 created 2012] |
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EC |
1.14.14.14 |
Accepted name: |
aromatase |
Reaction: |
(1) testosterone + 3 O2 + 3 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = 17β-estradiol + formate + 4 H2O + 3 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] (overall reaction) (1a) testosterone + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = 19-hydroxytestosterone + H2O + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] (1b) 19-hydroxytestosterone + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = 19-oxotestosterone + 2 H2O + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] (1c) 19-oxotestosterone + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = 17β-estradiol + formate + H2O + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] (2) androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + 3 O2 + 3 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = estrone + formate + 4 H2O + 3 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] (overall reaction) (2a) androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = 19-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione + H2O + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] (2b) 19-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = 19-oxo-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + 2 H2O + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] (2c) 19-oxoandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = estrone + formate + H2O + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] |
Other name(s): |
CYP19A1 (gene name); estrogen synthetase (incorrect) |
Systematic name: |
testosteronel,NADPH—hemoprotein reductase:oxygen oxidoreductase (17β-estradiol-forming) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450. The enzyme catalyses three sequential hydroxylations of the androgens androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and testosterone, resulting in their aromatization and forming the estrogens estrone and 17β-estradiol, respectively. The direct electron donor to the enzyme is EC 1.6.2.4, NADPH—hemoprotein reductase. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB |
References: |
1. |
Thompson, E.A., Jr. and Siiteri, P.K. The involvement of human placental microsomal cytochrome P-450 in aromatization. J. Biol. Chem. 249 (1974) 5373–5378. [PMID: 4370479] |
2. |
Fishman, J. and Goto, J. Mechanism of estrogen biosynthesis. Participation of multiple enzyme sites in placental aromatase hydroxylations. J. Biol. Chem. 256 (1981) 4466–4471. [PMID: 7217091] |
3. |
Kellis, J.T., Jr. and Vickery, L.E. Purification and characterization of human placental aromatase cytochrome P-450. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 4413–4420. [PMID: 3104339] |
4. |
Ghosh, D., Griswold, J., Erman, M. and Pangborn, W. Structural basis for androgen specificity and oestrogen synthesis in human aromatase. Nature 457 (2009) 219–223. [DOI] [PMID: 19129847] |
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[EC 1.14.14.14 created 2013] |
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EC |
1.14.14.15 |
Accepted name: |
(3S)-3-amino-3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl-[peptidyl-carrier protein SgcC2] monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
(3S)-3-amino-3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl-[peptidyl-carrier protein SgcC2] + FADH2 + O2 = (3S)-3-amino-3-(3-chloro-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoyl-[peptidyl-carrier protein SgcC2] + FAD + H2O |
Other name(s): |
SgcC |
Systematic name: |
(3S)-3-amino-3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl-[peptidyl-carrier protein SgcC2],FADH2:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
The enzyme from the bacterium Streptomyces globisporus is involved in the biosynthesis of the (S)-3-chloro-5-hydroxy-β-tyrosine moiety prior to incorporation into the chromoprotein antitumor antibiotic C-1027. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB |
References: |
1. |
Lin, S., Van Lanen, S.G. and Shen, B. Characterization of the two-component, FAD-dependent monooxygenase SgcC that requires carrier protein-tethered substrates for the biosynthesis of the enediyne antitumor antibiotic C-1027. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 6616–6623. [DOI] [PMID: 18426211] |
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[EC 1.14.14.15 created 2014] |
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EC |
1.14.14.16 |
Accepted name: |
steroid 21-monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
a C21 steroid + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = a 21-hydroxy-C21-steroid + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
Other name(s): |
steroid 21-hydroxylase; 21-hydroxylase; P450c21; CYP21A2 (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
steroid,NADPH—hemoprotein reductase:oxygen oxidoreductase (21-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A P-450 heme-thiolate protein responsible for the conversion of progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone to their respective 21-hydroxylated derivatives, 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol. Involved in the biosynthesis of the hormones aldosterone and cortisol. The electron donor is EC 1.6.2.4, NADPH—hemoprotein reductase. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9029-68-9 |
References: |
1. |
Hayano, M. and Dorfman, R.I. The action of adrenal homogenates on progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 21-desoxycortisone. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 36 (1952) 237–239. [DOI] [PMID: 14934270] |
2. |
Plager, J.E. and Samuels, L.T. Synthesis of C14-17-hydroxy-11-desoxycorticosterone and 17-hydroxycorticosterone by fractionated extracts of adrenal homogenates. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 42 (1953) 477–478. [DOI] [PMID: 13031650] |
3. |
Ryan, K.J. and Engel, L.L. Hydroxylation of steroids at carbon 21. J. Biol. Chem. 225 (1957) 103–114. [PMID: 13416221] |
4. |
Kominami, S., Ochi, H., Kobayashi, Y. and Takemori, S. Studies on the steroid hydroxylation system in adrenal cortex microsomes. Purification and characterization of cytochrome P-450 specific for steroid C-21 hydroxylation. J. Biol. Chem. 255 (1980) 3386–3394. [PMID: 6767716] |
5. |
Martineau, I., Belanger, A., Tchernof, A. and Tremblay, Y. Molecular cloning and expression of guinea pig cytochrome P450c21 cDNA (steroid 21-hydroxylase) isolated from the adrenals. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 86 (2003) 123–132. [DOI] [PMID: 14568563] |
6. |
Arase, M., Waterman, M.R. and Kagawa, N. Purification and characterization of bovine steroid 21-hydroxylase (P450c21) efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 344 (2006) 400–405. [DOI] [PMID: 16597434] |
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[EC 1.14.14.16 created 1961 as EC 1.99.1.11, transferred 1965 to EC 1.14.1.8, transferred 1972 to EC 1.14.99.10, modified 2013, transferred 2015 to EC 1.14.14.16] |
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EC |
1.14.14.17 |
Accepted name: |
squalene monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
squalene + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = (3S)-2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrosqualene + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of α-onocerin biosynthesis, click here and for diagram of triterpenoid biosynthesis, click here |
Other name(s): |
squalene epoxidase; squalene-2,3-epoxide cyclase; squalene 2,3-oxidocyclase; squalene hydroxylase; squalene oxydocyclase; squalene-2,3-epoxidase |
Systematic name: |
squalene,NADPH—hemoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-epoxidizing) |
Comments: |
A flavoprotein (FAD). This enzyme, together with EC 5.4.99.7, lanosterol synthase, was formerly known as squalene oxidocyclase. The electron donor is EC 1.6.2.4, NADPH—hemoprotein reductase [5,7]. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9029-62-3 |
References: |
1. |
Corey, E.J., Russey, W.E. and Ortiz de Montellano, P.R. 2,3-Oxidosqualene, an intermediate in the biological synthesis of sterols from squalene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88 (1966) 4750–4751. [PMID: 5918046] |
2. |
Tchen, T.T. and Bloch, K. On the conversion of squalene to lanosterol in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 226 (1957) 921–930. [PMID: 13438881] |
3. |
van Tamelen, E.E., Willett, J.D., Clayton, R.B. and Lord, K.E. Enzymic conversion of squalene 2,3-oxide to lanosterol and cholesterol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88 (1966) 4752–4754. [PMID: 5918048] |
4. |
Yamamoto, S. and Bloch, K. Studies on squalene epoxidase of rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 245 (1970) 1670–1674. [PMID: 5438357] |
5. |
Ono, T. and Bloch, K. Solubilization and partial characterization of rat liver squalene epoxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 250 (1975) 1571–1579. [PMID: 234459] |
6. |
Satoh, T., Horie, M., Watanabe, H., Tsuchiya, Y. and Kamei, T. Enzymatic properties of squalene epoxidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 16 (1993) 349–352. [PMID: 8358382] |
7. |
Chugh, A., Ray, A. and Gupta, J.B. Squalene epoxidase as hypocholesterolemic drug target revisited. Prog. Lipid Res. 42 (2003) 37–50. [DOI] [PMID: 12467639] |
8. |
He, F., Zhu, Y., He, M. and Zhang, Y. Molecular cloning and characterization of the gene encoding squalene epoxidase in Panax notoginseng. DNA Seq 19 (2008) 270–273. [DOI] [PMID: 17852349] |
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[EC 1.14.14.17 created 1961 as EC 1.99.1.13, transferred 1965 to EC 1.14.1.3, part transferred 1972 to EC 1.14.99.7, transferred 2011 to EC 1.14.13.132, transferred 2015 to EC 1.14.14.17] |
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EC |
1.14.14.18 |
Accepted name: |
heme oxygenase (biliverdin-producing) |
Reaction: |
protoheme + 3 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 3 O2 = biliverdin + Fe2+ + CO + 3 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 3 H2O |
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For diagram of the reaction mechanism, click here |
Other name(s): |
ORP33 proteins; haem oxygenase (ambiguous); heme oxygenase (decyclizing) (ambiguous); heme oxidase (ambiguous); haem oxidase (ambiguous); heme oxygenase (ambiguous); heme,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (α-methene-oxidizing, hydroxylating) |
Systematic name: |
protoheme,NADPH—hemoprotein reductase:oxygen oxidoreductase (α-methene-oxidizing, hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
This mammalian enzyme participates in the degradation of heme. The terminal oxygen atoms that are incorporated into the carbonyl groups of pyrrole rings A and B of biliverdin are derived from two separate oxygen molecules [4]. The third oxygen molecule provides the oxygen atom that converts the α-carbon to CO. The enzyme requires NAD(P)H and EC 1.6.2.4, NADPH—hemoprotein reductase. cf. EC 1.14.15.20, heme oxygenase (biliverdin-producing, ferredoxin). |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9059-22-7 |
References: |
1. |
Maines, M.D., Ibrahim, N.G. and Kappas, K. Solubilization and partial purification of heme oxygenase from rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 252 (1977) 5900–5903. [PMID: 18477] |
2. |
Sunderman, F.W., Jr., Downs, J.R., Reid, M.C. and Bibeau, L.M. Gas-chromatographic assay for heme oxygenase activity. Clin. Chem. 28 (1982) 2026–2032. [PMID: 6897023] |
3. |
Yoshida, T., Takahashi, S. and Kikuchi, J. Partial purification and reconstitution of the heme oxygenase system from pig spleen microsomes. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 75 (1974) 1187–1191. [PMID: 4370250] |
4. |
Noguchi, M., Yoshida, T. and Kikuchi, G. Specific requirement of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase for the microsomal heme oxygenase reaction yielding biliverdin IX α. FEBS Lett. 98 (1979) 281–284. [DOI] [PMID: 105935] |
5. |
Lad, L., Schuller, D.J., Shimizu, H., Friedman, J., Li, H., Ortiz de Montellano, P.R. and Poulos, T.L. Comparison of the heme-free and -bound crystal structures of human heme oxygenase-1. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 7834–7843. [DOI] [PMID: 12500973] |
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[EC 1.14.14.18 created 1972 as EC 1.14.99.3, modified 2006, transferred 2015 to EC 1.14.14.18, modified 2016] |
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EC |
1.14.14.19 |
Accepted name: |
steroid 17α-monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
a C21-steroid + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = a 17α-hydroxy-C21-steroid + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
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Other name(s): |
steroid 17α-hydroxylase; cytochrome P-450 17α; cytochrome P-450 (P-450 17α,lyase); 17α-hydroxylase-C17,20 lyase; CYP17; CYP17A1 (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
steroid,NADPH—hemoprotein reductase:oxygen oxidoreductase (17α-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
Requires NADPH and EC 1.6.2.4, NADPH—hemoprotein reductase. A microsomal hemeprotein that catalyses two independent reactions at the same active site - the 17α-hydroxylation of pregnenolone and progesterone, which is part of glucocorticoid hormones biosynthesis, and the conversion of the 17α-hydroxylated products via a 17,20-lyase reaction to form androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone, leading to sex hormone biosynthesis (EC 1.14.14.32, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone deacetylase). The ratio of the 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities is an important factor in determining the directions of steroid hormone biosynthesis towards biosynthesis of glucocorticoid or sex hormones. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9029-67-8 |
References: |
1. |
Lynn, W.S. and Brown, R.H. The conversion of progesterone to androgens by testes. J. Biol. Chem. 232 (1958) 1015–1030. [PMID: 13549484] |
2. |
Yoshida, K.-I., Oshima, H. and Troen, P. Studies of the human testis. XIII. Properties of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form)-linked 17α-hydroxylation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50 (1980) 895–899. [DOI] [PMID: 6966286] |
3. |
Gilep, A.A., Estabrook, R.W. and Usanov, S.A. Molecular cloning and heterologous expression in E. coli of cytochrome P45017α. Comparison of structural and functional properties of substrate-specific cytochromes P450 from different species. Biochemistry (Mosc.) 68 (2003) 86–98. [PMID: 12693981] |
4. |
Kolar, N.W., Swart, A.C., Mason, J.I. and Swart, P. Functional expression and characterisation of human cytochrome P45017α in Pichia pastoris. J. Biotechnol. 129 (2007) 635–644. [DOI] [PMID: 17386955] |
5. |
Pechurskaya, T.A., Lukashevich, O.P., Gilep, A.A. and Usanov, S.A. Engineering, expression, and purification of "soluble" human cytochrome P45017α and its functional characterization. Biochemistry (Mosc.) 73 (2008) 806–811. [PMID: 18707589] |
|
[EC 1.14.14.19 created 1961 as EC 1.99.1.9, transferred 1965 to EC 1.14.1.7, transferred 1972 to EC 1.14.99.9, modified 2013, transferred 2015 to EC 1.14.14.19] |
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|
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EC |
1.14.14.100 |
Accepted name: |
dihydrosanguinarine 10-monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
dihydrosanguinarine + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
|
For diagram of chelirubine, macarpine and sanguinarine biosynthesis, click here |
Other name(s): |
dihydrosanguinarine 10-hydroxylase |
Systematic name: |
dihydrosanguinarine,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (10-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein involved in benzophenanthridine alkaloid synthesis in higher plants. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 144388-41-0 |
References: |
1. |
De-Eknamkul, W., Tanahashi, T. and Zenk, M.H. Enzymic 10-hydroxylation and 10-O-methylation of dihydrosanguinarine in dihydrochelirubine formation by Eschscholtzia. Phytochemistry 31 (1992) 2713–2717. |
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[EC 1.14.14.100 created 1999 as EC 1.14.13.56, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.100] |
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EC |
1.14.14.101 |
Accepted name: |
dihydrochelirubine 12-monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
dihydrochelirubine + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 12-hydroxydihydrochelirubine + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
|
For diagram of chelirubine, macarpine and sanguinarine biosynthesis, click here |
Other name(s): |
dihydrochelirubine 12-hydroxylase |
Systematic name: |
dihydrochelirubine,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (12-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein from the plant Thalictrum bulgaricum. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 158736-41-5 |
References: |
1. |
Kammerer, L., De-Eknamkul, W. and Zenk, M.H. Enzymic 12-hydroxylation and 12-O-methylation of dihydrochelirubine in dihydromacarpine formation by Thalictrum bulgaricum. Phytochemistry 36 (1994) 1409–1416. |
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[EC 1.14.14.101 created 1999 as EC 1.14.13.57, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.101] |
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EC |
1.14.14.102 |
Accepted name: |
N-methylcoclaurine 3′-monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
(S)-N-methylcoclaurine + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = (S)-3′-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
|
For diagram of reticuline biosynthesis, click here |
Other name(s): |
N-methylcoclaurine 3′-hydroxylase; CYP80B1 (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
(S)-N-methylcoclaurine,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (3′-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid synthesis in higher plants. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 202420-37-9 |
References: |
1. |
Pauli, H.H. and Kutchan, T.M. Molecular cloning and functional heterologous expression of two alleles encoding (S)-N-methylcoclaurine 3′-hydroxylase (CYP80B1), a new methyl jasmonate-inducible cytochrome P-450-dependent mono-oxygenase of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. Plant J. 13 (1998) 793–801. [DOI] [PMID: 9681018] |
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[EC 1.14.14.102 created 2001 as 1.14.13.71, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.102] |
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EC |
1.14.14.103 |
Accepted name: |
tabersonine 16-hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
tabersonine + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 16-hydroxytabersonine + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
|
For diagram of vindoline biosynthesis, click here |
Other name(s): |
tabersonine-11-hydroxylase; T11H; CYP71D12 (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
tabersonine,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (16-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein from the plant Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 250378-34-8 |
References: |
1. |
St-Pierre, B. and De Luca, V. A cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase catalyzes the first step in the conversion of tabersonine to vindoline in Catharanthus roseus. Plant Physiol. 109 (1995) 131–139. [DOI] [PMID: 12228585] |
2. |
Besseau, S., Kellner, F., Lanoue, A., Thamm, A.M., Salim, V., Schneider, B., Geu-Flores, F., Hofer, R., Guirimand, G., Guihur, A., Oudin, A., Glevarec, G., Foureau, E., Papon, N., Clastre, M., Giglioli-Guivarc'h, N., St-Pierre, B., Werck-Reichhart, D., Burlat, V., De Luca, V., O'Connor, S.E. and Courdavault, V. A pair of tabersonine 16-hydroxylases initiates the synthesis of vindoline in an organ-dependent manner in Catharanthus roseus. Plant Physiol. 163 (2013) 1792–1803. [PMID: 24108213] |
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[EC 1.14.14.103 created 2002 as EC 1.14.13.73, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.103] |
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EC |
1.14.14.104 |
Accepted name: |
vinorine hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
vinorine + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = vomilenine + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of ajmaline, vinorine, vomilenine and raucaffricine biosynthesis, click here |
Systematic name: |
vinorine,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (21α-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein from the plant Rauvolfia serpentina. Forms a stage in the biosynthesis of the indole alkaloid ajmaline. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 162875-03-8 |
References: |
1. |
Falkenhagen, H. and Stöckligt, J. Enzymatic biosynthesis of vomilenine, a key intermediate of the ajmaline pathway, catalysed by a novel cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme from plant cell cultures of Rauwolfia serpentina. Z. Naturforsch. C: Biosci. 50 (1995) 45–53. |
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[EC 1.14.14.104 created 2002 as EC 1.14.13.75, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.104] |
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EC |
1.14.14.105 |
Accepted name: |
taxane 10β-hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
taxa-4(20),11-dien-5α-yl acetate + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 10β-hydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5α-yl acetate + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of taxadiene hydroxylation, click here |
Other name(s): |
CYP725A1 (gene name); 5-α-taxadienol-10-β-hydroxylase |
Systematic name: |
taxa-4(20),11-dien-5α-yl acetate,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (10β-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
This microsomal cytochrome-P-450 (heme-thiolate) enzyme from the plant Taxus cuspidata is involved in the biosynthesis of the diterpenoid antineoplastic drug taxol (paclitaxel). |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 337514-75-7 |
References: |
1. |
Wheeler, A.L., Long, R.M., Ketchum, R.E., Rithner, C.D., Williams, R.M. and Croteau, R. Taxol biosynthesis: differential transformations of taxadien-5α-ol and its acetate ester by cytochrome P450 hydroxylases from Taxus suspension cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 390 (2001) 265. [DOI] [PMID: 11396929] |
2. |
Jennewein, S., Rithner, C.D., Williams, R.M. and Croteau, R.B. Taxol biosynthesis: taxane 13 α-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 13595. [DOI] [PMID: 11707604] |
3. |
Schoendorf, A., Rithner, C.D., Williams, R.M. and Croteau, R.B. Molecular cloning of a cytochrome P450 taxane 10β-hydroxylase cDNA from Taxus and functional expression in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 1501–1506. [DOI] [PMID: 11171980] |
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[EC 1.14.14.105 created 2002 as EC 1.14.13.76, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.105] |
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EC |
1.14.14.106 |
Accepted name: |
taxane 13α-hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
taxa-4(20),11-dien-5α-ol + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = taxa-4(20),11-dien-5α,13α-diol + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
|
For diagram of taxadiene hydroxylation, click here |
Other name(s): |
CYP725A2 (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
taxa-4(20),11-dien-5α-ol,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (13α-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
This cytochrome-P-450(heme-thiolate) enzyme from the plant Taxus cuspidata is involved in the biosynthesis of the diterpenoid antineoplastic drug taxol (paclitaxel). |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 399030-58-1 |
References: |
1. |
Wheeler, A.L., Long, R.M., Ketchum, R.E., Rithner, C.D., Williams, R.M. and Croteau, R. Taxol biosynthesis: differential transformations of taxadien-5α-ol and its acetate ester by cytochrome P450 hydroxylases from Taxus suspension cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 390 (2001) 265. [DOI] [PMID: 11396929] |
2. |
Jennewein, S., Rithner, C.D., Williams, R.M. and Croteau, R.B. Taxol biosynthesis: taxane 13 α-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 13595. [DOI] [PMID: 11707604] |
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[EC 1.14.14.106 created 2002 as EC 1.14.13.77, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.106] |
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EC |
1.14.14.107 |
Accepted name: |
ent-kaurenoic acid monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate + 3 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 3 O2 = gibberellin A12 + 3 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 4 H2O (overall reaction) (1a) ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = ent-7α-hydroxykaur-16-en-19-oate + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O (1b) ent-7α-hydroxykaur-16-en-19-oate + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = gibberellin A12 aldehyde + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O (1c) gibberellin A12 aldehyde + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = gibberellin A12 + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
|
For diagram of gibberellin A12 biosynthesis, click here |
Other name(s): |
KAO1 (gene name); CYP88A3 (gene name); ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase |
Systematic name: |
ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein from plants. Catalyses three sucessive oxidations of ent-kaurenoic acid. The second step includes a ring-B contraction giving the gibbane skeleton. In pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) ent-6α,7α-dihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oate is also formed. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 337507-95-6 |
References: |
1. |
Helliwell, C.A., Chandler, P.M., Poole, A., Dennis, E.S. and Peacock, W.J. The CYP88A cytochrome P450, ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase, catalyzes three steps of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 2065–2070. [DOI] [PMID: 11172076] |
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[EC 1.14.14.107 created 2002 as EC 1.14.13.79, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.107] |
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|
EC |
1.14.14.108 |
Accepted name: |
2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
(+)-bornane-2,5-dione + FMNH2 + O2 = (+)-5-oxo-1,2-campholide + FMN + H2O |
|
For diagram of camphor catabolism, click here |
Glossary: |
(+)-bornane-2,5-dione = 2,5-diketocamphane |
Other name(s): |
2,5-diketocamphane lactonizing enzyme; ketolactonase I (ambiguous); 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase oxygenating component; 2,5-DKCMO; camP (gene name); camphor 1,2-monooxygenase; camphor ketolactonase I |
Systematic name: |
(+)-bornane-2,5-dione,FMNH2:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,2-lactonizing) |
Comments: |
A Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase isolated from camphor-grown strains of Pseudomonas putida and encoded on the cam plasmid. Involved in the degradation of (+)-camphor. Requires a dedicated NADH-FMN reductase [cf. EC 1.5.1.42, FMN reductase (NADH)] [1-3]. Can accept several bicyclic ketones including (+)- and (–)-camphor [6] and adamantanone [4]. The product spontaneously converts to [(1R)-2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl]acetate. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Conrad, H.E., DuBus, R., Namtvedt, M.J. and Gunsalus, I.C. Mixed function oxidation. II. Separation and properties of the enzymes catalyzing camphor lactonizaton. J. Biol. Chem. 240 (1965) 495–503. [PMID: 14253460] |
2. |
Yu, C.A. and Gunsalus, I.C. Monoxygenases. VII. Camphor ketolactonase I and the role of three protein components. J. Biol. Chem. 244 (1969) 6149–6152. [PMID: 4310834] |
3. |
Taylor, D.G. and Trudgill, P.W. Camphor revisited: studies of 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase from Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17453. J. Bacteriol. 165 (1986) 489–497. [DOI] [PMID: 3944058] |
4. |
Selifonov, S.A. Microbial oxidation of adamantanone by Pseudomonas putida carrying the camphor catabolic plasmid. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186 (1992) 1429–1436. [DOI] [PMID: 1510672] |
5. |
Jones, K.H., Smith, R.T. and Trudgill, P.W. Diketocamphane enantiomer-specific ’Baeyer-Villiger’ monooxygenases from camphor-grown Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17453. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139 (1993) 797–805. [DOI] [PMID: 8515237] |
6. |
Kadow, M., Sass, S., Schmidt, M. and Bornscheuer, U.T. Recombinant expression and purification of the 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase from the camphor metabolizing Pseudomonas putida strain NCIMB 10007. AMB Express 1:13 (2011). [DOI] [PMID: 21906366] |
7. |
Iwaki, H., Grosse, S., Bergeron, H., Leisch, H., Morley, K., Hasegawa, Y. and Lau, P.C. Camphor pathway redux: functional recombinant expression of 2,5- and 3,6-diketocamphane monooxygenases of Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17453 with their cognate flavin reductase catalyzing Baeyer-Villiger reactions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79 (2013) 3282–3293. [PMID: 23524667] |
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[EC 1.14.14.108 created 1972 as EC 1.14.15.2, transferred 2012 to EC 1.14.13.162, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.108] |
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EC |
1.14.14.109 |
Accepted name: |
3-hydroxyindolin-2-one monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
3-hydroxyindolin-2-one + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of benzoxazinone biosynthesis, click here |
Glossary: |
2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one = HBOA |
Other name(s): |
BX4 (gene name); CYP71C1 (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
3-hydroxyindolin-2-one,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one-forming) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of protective and allelophatic benzoxazinoids in some plants, most commonly from the family of Poaceae (grasses). |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Glawischnig, E., Grun, S., Frey, M. and Gierl, A. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of DIBOA biosynthesis: specificity and conservation among grasses. Phytochemistry 50 (1999) 925–930. [DOI] [PMID: 10385992] |
2. |
Frey, M., Chomet, P., Glawischnig, E., Stettner, C., Grün, S., Winklmair, A., Eisenreich, W., Bacher, A., Meeley, R.B., Briggs, S.P., Simcox, K. and Gierl, A. Analysis of a chemical plant defense mechanism in grasses. Science 277 (1997) 696–699. [DOI] [PMID: 9235894] |
3. |
Spiteller, P., Glawischnig, E., Gierl, A. and Steglich, W. Studies on the biosynthesis of 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (HBOA) from 3-hydroxyindolin-2-one in Zea mays. Phytochemistry 57 (2001) 373–376. [DOI] [PMID: 11393516] |
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[EC 1.14.14.109 created 2012 as EC 1.14.13.139, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.109] |
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EC |
1.14.14.110 |
Accepted name: |
2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
|
For diagram of benzoxazinone biosynthesis, click here |
Glossary: |
2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one = DIBOA
2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one = HBOA |
Other name(s): |
BX5 (gene name); CYP71C3 (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of protective and allelophatic benzoxazinoids in some plants, most commonly from the family of Poaceae (grasses). |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Bailey, B.A. and Larson, R.L. Maize microsomal benzoxazinone N-monooxygenase. Plant Physiol. 95 (1991) 792–796. [PMID: 16668055] |
2. |
Glawischnig, E., Grun, S., Frey, M. and Gierl, A. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of DIBOA biosynthesis: specificity and conservation among grasses. Phytochemistry 50 (1999) 925–930. [DOI] [PMID: 10385992] |
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[EC 1.14.14.110 created 2012 as EC 1.14.13.140, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.110] |
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EC |
1.14.14.111 |
Accepted name: |
9β-pimara-7,15-diene oxidase |
Reaction: |
9β-pimara-7,15-diene + 3 O2 + 3 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = 9β-pimara-7,15-dien-19-oate + 3 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 4 H2O (overall reaction) (1a) 9β-pimara-7,15-diene + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = 9β-pimara-7,15-dien-19-ol + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O (1b) 9β-pimara-7,15-dien-19-ol + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = 9β-pimara-7,15-dien-19-al + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O (1c) 9β-pimara-7,15-dien-19-al + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = 9β-pimara-7,15-dien-19-oate + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
|
|
For diagram of momilactone A biosynthesis, click here |
Glossary: |
syn-pimara-7,15-diene = 9β-pimara-7,15-diene |
Other name(s): |
CYP99A3; 9β-pimara-7,15-diene monooxygenase |
Systematic name: |
9β-pimara-7,15-diene,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen 19-oxidoreductase |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The enzyme from rice (Oryza sativa) is involved in the biosynthesis of the phytoalexin momilactone. It also acts similarly on 9β-stemod-13(17)-ene. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Wang, Q., Hillwig, M.L. and Peters, R.J. CYP99A3: functional identification of a diterpene oxidase from the momilactone biosynthetic gene cluster in rice. Plant J. 65 (2011) 87–95. [DOI] [PMID: 21175892] |
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[EC 1.14.14.111 created 2012 as EC 1.14.13.144, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.111] |
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|
|
EC |
1.14.14.112 |
Accepted name: |
ent-cassa-12,15-diene 11-hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
ent-cassa-12,15-diene + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = ent-11β-hydroxycassa-12,15-diene + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of biosynthesis of diterpenoids from ent-copalyl diphosphate, click here |
Other name(s): |
ent-cassadiene C11α-hydroxylase; CYP76M7 |
Systematic name: |
ent-cassa-12,15-diene,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen 11-oxidoreductase |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The enzyme from rice (Oryza sativa) is involved in the biosynthesis of the antifungal phytocassanes. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Swaminathan, S., Morrone, D., Wang, Q., Fulton, D.B. and Peters, R.J. CYP76M7 is an ent-cassadiene C11α-hydroxylase defining a second multifunctional diterpenoid biosynthetic gene cluster in rice. Plant Cell 21 (2009) 3315–3325. [DOI] [PMID: 19825834] |
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[EC 1.14.14.112 created 2012 as EC 1.14.13.145, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.112] |
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|
EC |
1.14.14.113 |
Accepted name: |
α-humulene 10-hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
α-humulene + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = 10-hydroxy-α-humulene + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of zerumbone biosynthesis, click here |
Other name(s): |
CYP71BA1 |
Systematic name: |
α-humulene,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen 10-oxidoreductase |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The recommended numbering of humulene gives 10-hydroxy-α-humulene as the product rather than 8-hydroxy-α-humulene as used by the reference. See Section F: Natural Product Nomenclature. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Yu, F., Okamoto, S., Harada, H., Yamasaki, K., Misawa, N. and Utsumi, R. Zingiber zerumbet CYP71BA1 catalyzes the conversion of α-humulene to 8-hydroxy-α-humulene in zerumbone biosynthesis. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68 (2011) 1033–1040. [DOI] [PMID: 20730551] |
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[EC 1.14.14.113 created 2012 as EC 1.14.13.150, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.113] |
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EC |
1.14.14.114 |
Accepted name: |
amorpha-4,11-diene 12-monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
amorpha-4,11-diene + 3 O2 + 3 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = artemisinate + 3 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 4 H2O (overall reaction) (1a) amorpha-4,11-diene + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = artemisinic alcohol + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O (1b) artemisinic alcohol + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = artemisinic aldehyde + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O (1c) artemisinic aldehyde + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = artemisinate + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
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For diagram of artemisinin biosynthesis, click here |
Other name(s): |
CYP71AV1 |
Systematic name: |
amorpha-4,11-diene,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (12-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. Cloned from the plant Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood). Part of the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Teoh, K.H., Polichuk, D.R., Reed, D.W., Nowak, G. and Covello, P.S. Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) trichome-specific cDNAs reveal CYP71AV1, a cytochrome P450 with a key role in the biosynthesis of the antimalarial sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin. FEBS Lett. 580 (2006) 1411–1416. [DOI] [PMID: 16458889] |
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[EC 1.14.14.114 created 2012 as EC 1.14.13.158, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.114] |
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EC |
1.14.14.115 |
Accepted name: |
11-oxo-β-amyrin 30-oxidase |
Reaction: |
11-oxo-β-amyrin + 3 O2 + 3 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = glycyrrhetinate + 3 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 4 H2O (overall reaction) (1a) 11-oxo-β-amyrin + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = 30-hydroxy-11-oxo-β-amyrin + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O (1b) 30-hydroxy-11-oxo-β-amyrin + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = glycyrrhetaldehyde + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O (1c) glycyrrhetaldehyde + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = glycyrrhetinate + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of glycyrrhenate biosynthesis, click here |
Other name(s): |
CYP72A; CYP72A154; 11-oxo-β-amyrin 30-monooxygenase |
Systematic name: |
11-oxo-β-amyrin,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (30-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The enzyme from the plant Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice) is involved in the biosynthesis of the triterpenoid saponin glycyrrhizin. The enzyme from the plant Medicago truncatula can also hydroxylate β-amyrin. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Seki, H., Sawai, S., Ohyama, K., Mizutani, M., Ohnishi, T., Sudo, H., Fukushima, E.O., Akashi, T., Aoki, T., Saito, K. and Muranaka, T. Triterpene functional genomics in licorice for identification of CYP72A154 involved in the biosynthesis of glycyrrhizin. Plant Cell 23 (2011) 4112–4123. [DOI] [PMID: 22128119] |
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[EC 1.14.14.115 created 2013 as EC 1.14.13.173, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.115] |
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EC |
1.14.14.116 |
Accepted name: |
averantin hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
(1) (1′S)-averantin + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = (1′S,5′S)-5′-hydroxyaverantin + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O (2) (1′S)-averantin + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = (1′S,5′R)-5′-hydroxyaverantin + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
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For diagram of aflatoxin biosynthesis (part 1), click here |
Glossary: |
averantin = 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxyhexyl]anthracene-9,10-dione
|
Other name(s): |
AVN hydroxylase; avnA (gene name); CYP60A1 |
Systematic name: |
(1′S)-averantin,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (5′-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein isolated from the saprophytic mold Aspergillus parasiticus. Involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Does not react with (1′R)-averantin. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Yabe, K., Matsuyama, Y., Ando, Y., Nakajima, H. and Hamasaki, T. Stereochemistry during aflatoxin biosynthesis: conversion of norsolorinic acid to averufin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 (1993) 2486–2492. [PMID: 8368836] |
2. |
Yu, J., Chang, P.K., Cary, J.W., Bhatnagar, D. and Cleveland, T.E. avnA, a gene encoding a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase, is involved in the conversion of averantin to averufin in aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 (1997) 1349–1356. [PMID: 9097431] |
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[EC 1.14.14.116 created 2013 as EC 1.14.13.174, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.116] |
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EC |
1.14.14.117 |
Accepted name: |
aflatoxin B synthase |
Reaction: |
(1) 8-O-methylsterigmatocystin + 2 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 O2 = aflatoxin B1 + 2 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + methanol + CO2 (2) 8-O-methyldihydrosterigmatocystin + 2 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 O2 = aflatoxin B2 + 2 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + methanol + CO2
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|
For diagram of aflatoxin biosynthesis (part 4), click here |
Glossary: |
aflatoxin B1 = (6aR,9aS)-4-methoxy-2,3,6a,9a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3′,2′:4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione
aflatoxin B2 = (6aR,9aS)-4-methoxy-2,3,6a,8,9,9a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3′,2′:4,5]furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione
8-O-methylsterigmatocystin = 6,8-dimethoxy-3a,12c-dihydrofuro[3′,2′:4,5]furo[2,3-c]xanthen-7-one
8-O-methyldihydrosterigmatocystin = 6,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3a,12c-tetrahydrofuro[3′,2′:4,5]furo[2,3-c]xanthen-7-one |
Other name(s): |
ordA (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
8-O-methylsterigmatocystin,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (aflatoxin-B-forming) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. Isolated from the mold Aspergillus parasiticus. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T.E. and Kingston, D.G. Enzymological evidence for separate pathways for aflatoxin B1 and B2 biosynthesis. Biochemistry 30 (1991) 4343–4350. [PMID: 1902378] |
2. |
Yu, J., Chang, P.K., Ehrlich, K.C., Cary, J.W., Montalbano, B., Dyer, J.M., Bhatnagar, D. and Cleveland, T.E. Characterization of the critical amino acids of an Aspergillus parasiticus cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase encoded by ordA that is involved in the biosynthesis of aflatoxins B1, G1, B2, and G2. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64 (1998) 4834–4841. [PMID: 9835571] |
3. |
Udwary, D.W., Casillas, L. K. and Townsend, C.A. Synthesis of 11-hydroxyl O-methylsterigmatocystin and the role of a cytochrome P-450 in the final step of aflatoxin biosynthesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 5294–5303. [DOI] [PMID: 11996570] |
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[EC 1.14.14.117 created 2013 as EC 1.14.13.175, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.117] |
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|
EC |
1.14.14.118 |
Accepted name: |
tryprostatin B 6-hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
tryprostatin B + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 6-hydroxytryprostatin B + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
Glossary: |
tryprostatin B = (3S,8aS)-3-{[2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methyl}hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione
6-hydroxytryprostatin B = (3S,8aS)-3-{[6-hydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methyl}hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione |
Other name(s): |
ftmC (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
tryprostatin B,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxytryprostatin B-forming) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. Involved in the biosynthetic pathways of several indole alkaloids such as tryprostatins, fumitremorgins and verruculogen. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Kato, N., Suzuki, H., Takagi, H., Asami, Y., Kakeya, H., Uramoto, M., Usui, T., Takahashi, S., Sugimoto, Y. and Osada, H. Identification of cytochrome P450s required for fumitremorgin biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. ChemBioChem 10 (2009) 920–928. [DOI] [PMID: 19226505] |
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[EC 1.14.14.118 created 2013 as EC 1.14.13.176, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.118] |
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|
EC |
1.14.14.119 |
Accepted name: |
fumitremorgin C monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
fumitremorgin C + 2 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 O2 = 12α,13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C + 2 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O |
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For diagram of fumitremorgin alkaloid biosynthesis (part 2), click here |
Glossary: |
fumitremorgin C = (5aS,12S,14aS)-9-methoxy-12-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,2,3,5a,6,11,12,14a-octahydro-5H,14H-pyrrolo[1′′,2′′:4′,5′]pyrazino[1′,2′:1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-5,14-dione
12α,13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin = (5aR,6S,12S,14aS)-5a,6-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-12-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,2,3,5a,6,11,12,14a-octahydro-5H,14H-pyrrolo[1′′,2′′:4′,5′]pyrazino[1′,2′:1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-5,14-dione |
Other name(s): |
ftmG (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
fumitremorgin C,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (12α,13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C-forming) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. Involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the indole alkaloid verruculogen. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Kato, N., Suzuki, H., Takagi, H., Asami, Y., Kakeya, H., Uramoto, M., Usui, T., Takahashi, S., Sugimoto, Y. and Osada, H. Identification of cytochrome P450s required for fumitremorgin biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. ChemBioChem 10 (2009) 920–928. [DOI] [PMID: 19226505] |
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[EC 1.14.14.119 created 2013 as EC 1.14.13.177, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.119] |
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|
EC |
1.14.14.120 |
Accepted name: |
dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
dammarenediol-II + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = protopanaxadiol + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of dammarenediol II and tirucalla-7,24-dien-3β-ol biosynthesis, click here |
Glossary: |
dammarenediol-II = dammar-24-ene-3β,20-diol
protopanaxadiol = dammar-24-ene-3β,12β,20-triol
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Other name(s): |
protopanaxadiol synthase; CYP716A47 |
Systematic name: |
dammarenediol-II,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (12β-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein isolated from ginseng (Panax ginseng). Involved in the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Han, J.Y., Kim, H.J., Kwon, Y.S. and Choi, Y.E. The Cyt P450 enzyme CYP716A47 catalyzes the formation of protopanaxadiol from dammarenediol-II during ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Physiol. 52 (2011) 2062–2073. [DOI] [PMID: 22039120] |
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[EC 1.14.14.120 created 2013 as EC 1.14.13.183, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.120] |
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EC |
1.14.14.121 |
Accepted name: |
protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
protopanaxadiol + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = protopanaxatriol + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of dammarenediol II and tirucalla-7,24-dien-3β-ol biosynthesis, click here |
Glossary: |
protopanaxadiol = dammar-24-ene-3β,12β,20-triol
protopanaxatriol = dammar-24-ene-3β,6α,12β,20-tetrol
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Other name(s): |
protopanaxatriol synthase; P6H; CYP716A53v2 |
Systematic name: |
protopanaxadiol,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (6α-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein isolated from the rhizomes of ginseng (Panax ginseng). Involved in the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Yue, C.J., Zhou, X. and Zhong, J.J. Protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase and its role in regulating the ginsenoside heterogeneity in Panax notoginseng cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100 (2008) 933–940. [DOI] [PMID: 18351680] |
2. |
Han, J.Y., Hwang, H.S., Choi, S.W., Kim, H.J. and Choi, Y.E. Cytochrome P450 CYP716A53v2 catalyzes the formation of protopanaxatriol from protopanaxadiol during ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Physiol. 53 (2012) 1535–1545. [DOI] [PMID: 22875608] |
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[EC 1.14.14.121 created 2013 as EC 1.14.13.184, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.121] |
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EC |
1.14.14.122 |
Accepted name: |
oryzalexin E synthase |
Reaction: |
ent-sandaracopimaradien-3β-ol + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = oryzalexin E + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of oryzalexins biosynthesis, click here |
Glossary: |
oryzalexin E = ent-sandaracopimaradiene-3β,9α-diol = (3R,4aR,4bS,7S,10aR)-7-ethenyl-1,1,4a,7-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydrophenanthren-2,4b-diol
ent-sandaracopimaradien-3β-ol = (3R,4aR,4bR,7S,10aS)-7-ethenyl-1,1,4a,7-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydrophenanthren-2-ol |
Other name(s): |
CYP76M6 |
Systematic name: |
ent-sandaracopimaradien-3β-ol,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (oryzalexin-E-forming) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. Isolated from Oryza sativa (rice). Oryzalexin E is a phytoalexin. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Wu, Y., Wang, Q., Hillwig, M.L. and Peters, R.J. Picking sides: distinct roles for CYP76M6 and CYP76M8 in rice oryzalexin biosynthesis. Biochem. J. 454 (2013) 209–216. [DOI] [PMID: 23795884] |
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[EC 1.14.14.122 created 2014 as EC 1.14.13.192, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.122] |
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EC |
1.14.14.123 |
Accepted name: |
oryzalexin D synthase |
Reaction: |
ent-sandaracopimaradien-3β-ol + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = oryzalexin D + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of oryzalexins biosynthesis, click here |
Glossary: |
oryzalexin D = ent-sandaracopimaradiene-3β,7α-diol = (3R,4aR,4bS,7S,9S,10aS)-7-ethenyl-1,1,4a,7-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydrophenanthren-2,9-diol
ent-sandaracopimaradien-3β-ol = (3R,4aR,4bR,7S,10aS)-7-ethenyl-1,1,4a,7-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydrophenanthren-2-ol |
Other name(s): |
CYP76M8 |
Systematic name: |
ent-sandaracopimaradien-3β-ol,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (oryzalexin-D-forming) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. Isolated from Oryza sativa (rice). Oryzalexin D is a phytoalexin. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Wu, Y., Wang, Q., Hillwig, M.L. and Peters, R.J. Picking sides: distinct roles for CYP76M6 and CYP76M8 in rice oryzalexin biosynthesis. Biochem. J. 454 (2013) 209–216. [DOI] [PMID: 23795884] |
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[EC 1.14.14.123 created 2014 as EC 1.14.13.193, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.123] |
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EC |
1.14.14.124 |
Accepted name: |
dihydromonacolin L hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
dihydromonacolin L acid + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = monacolin L acid + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O (overall reaction) (1a) dihydromonacolin L acid + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = 3α-hydroxy-3,5-dihydromonacolin L acid + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O (1b) 3α-hydroxy-3,5-dihydromonacolin L acid = monacolin L acid + H2O (spontaneous) |
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For diagram of lovastatin biosynthesis, click here |
Glossary: |
dihydromonacolin L acid = (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,4aR,6R,8aS)-2,6-dimethyl-1,2,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen1yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoate
monacolin L acid = (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6R,8aR)-2,6-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoate
3α-hydroxy-3,5-dihydromonacolin L = (3R,5R)-7-[(1R,2R,3S,6R,8aR)-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoate
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Other name(s): |
LovA (ambiguous) |
Systematic name: |
dihydromonacolin L acid,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The dehydration of 3α-hydroxy-3,5-dihydromonacolin L acid is believed to be spontaneous [1,2]. The enzyme from fungi also catalyses the reaction of EC 1.14.14.125, monacolin L hydroxylase [3]. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Treiber, L.R., Reamer, R.A., Rooney, C.S. and Ramjit, H.G. Origin of monacolin L from Aspergillus terreus cultures. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 42 (1989) 30–36. [PMID: 2921224] |
2. |
Nakamura, T., Komagata, D., Murakawa, S., Sakai, K. and Endo, A. Isolation and biosynthesis of 3α-hydroxy-3,5-dihydromonacolin L. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 43 (1990) 1597–1600. [PMID: 2276977] |
3. |
Barriuso, J., Nguyen, D.T., Li, J.W., Roberts, J.N., MacNevin, G., Chaytor, J.L., Marcus, S.L., Vederas, J.C. and Ro, D.K. Double oxidation of the cyclic nonaketide dihydromonacolin L to monacolin J by a single cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, LovA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 8078–8081. [DOI] [PMID: 21495633] |
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[EC 1.14.14.124 created 2014 as EC 1.14.13.197, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.124] |
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EC |
1.14.14.125 |
Accepted name: |
monacolin L hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
monacolin L acid + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = monacolin J acid + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of lovastatin biosynthesis, click here |
Glossary: |
monacolin L acid = (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6R,8aR)-2,6-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid
monacolin J acid = (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6R,8S,8aR)-8-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid
|
Other name(s): |
LovA (ambiguous) |
Systematic name: |
monacolin L acid,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (8-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The enzyme from fungi also catalyses the reaction of EC 1.14.14.124, dihydromonacolin L hydroxylase. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Barriuso, J., Nguyen, D.T., Li, J.W., Roberts, J.N., MacNevin, G., Chaytor, J.L., Marcus, S.L., Vederas, J.C. and Ro, D.K. Double oxidation of the cyclic nonaketide dihydromonacolin L to monacolin J by a single cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, LovA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 8078–8081. [DOI] [PMID: 21495633] |
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[EC 1.14.14.125 created 2014 as EC 1.14.13.198, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.125] |
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EC |
1.14.14.126 |
Accepted name: |
β-amyrin 28-monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
β-amyrin + 3 O2 + 3 [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = oleanolate + 3 [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 4 H2O (overall reaction) (1a) β-amyrin + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = erythrodiol + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O (1b) erythrodiol + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = oleanolic aldehyde + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O (1c) oleanolic aldehyde + O2 + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] = oleanolate + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of β-amyrin, β-seco-amyrin, 11-oxo-β-amyrin and soysapogenol biosynthesis, click here |
Other name(s): |
CYP716A52v2; CYP716A12; CYP16A75; β-amyrin 28-oxidase |
Systematic name: |
β-amyrin,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (28-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein found in plants. The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of oleanane-type triterpenoids, such as ginsenoside Ro. The enzyme from Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) (CYP716A12) can also convert α-amyrin and lupeol to ursolic acid and betulinic acid, respectively. The enzyme from Maesa lanceolata (false assegai) (CYP16A75) does not catalyse the reaction to completion, resulting in accumulation of both intermediates. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Fukushima, E.O., Seki, H., Ohyama, K., Ono, E., Umemoto, N., Mizutani, M., Saito, K. and Muranaka, T. CYP716A subfamily members are multifunctional oxidases in triterpenoid biosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol. 52 (2011) 2050–2061. [DOI] [PMID: 22039103] |
2. |
Han, J.Y., Kim, M.J., Ban, Y.W., Hwang, H.S. and Choi, Y.E. The involvement of β-amyrin 28-oxidase (CYP716A52v2) in oleanane-type ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Physiol. 54 (2013) 2034–2046. [DOI] [PMID: 24092881] |
3. |
Moses, T., Pollier, J., Faizal, A., Apers, S., Pieters, L., Thevelein, J.M., Geelen, D. and Goossens, A. Unraveling the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis of the African shrub Maesa lanceolata. Mol. Plant 8 (2015) 122–135. [DOI] [PMID: 25578277] |
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[EC 1.14.14.126 created 2015 as EC 1.14.13.201, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.126] |
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EC |
1.14.14.127 |
Accepted name: |
methyl farnesoate epoxidase |
Reaction: |
methyl (2E,6E)-farnesoate + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = juvenile hormone III + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of juvenile hormone biosynthesis, click here |
Glossary: |
juvenile hormone III = methyl (2E,6E,10R)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6-dienoate |
Other name(s): |
CYP15A1 |
Systematic name: |
methyl (2E,6E)-farnesoate,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The enzyme, found in insects except for Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) is specific for methyl farnesoate (cf. EC 1.14.14.128, farnesoate epoxidase) [1,2]. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Helvig, C., Koener, J.F., Unnithan, G.C. and Feyereisen, R. CYP15A1, the cytochrome P450 that catalyzes epoxidation of methyl farnesoate to juvenile hormone III in cockroach corpora allata. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004) 4024–4029. [DOI] [PMID: 15024118] |
2. |
Daimon, T. and Shinoda, T. Function, diversity, and application of insect juvenile hormone epoxidases (CYP15). Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 60 (2013) 82–91. [DOI] [PMID: 23586995] |
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[EC 1.14.14.127 created 2015 as EC 1.14.13.202, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.127] |
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EC |
1.14.14.128 |
Accepted name: |
farnesoate epoxidase |
Reaction: |
(2E,6E)-farnesoate + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = juvenile-hormone-III carboxylate + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of juvenile hormone biosynthesis, click here |
Glossary: |
juvenile-hormone-III carboxylate = (2E,6E,10R)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6-dienoate |
Other name(s): |
CYP15C1 |
Systematic name: |
(2E,6E)-farnesoate,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The enzyme, found in Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), is specific for farnesoate (cf. EC 1.14.14.127, methyl farnesoate epoxidase) [1,2]. It is involved in the synthesis of juvenile hormone. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Daimon, T., Kozaki, T., Niwa, R., Kobayashi, I., Furuta, K., Namiki, T., Uchino, K., Banno, Y., Katsuma, S., Tamura, T., Mita, K., Sezutsu, H., Nakayama, M., Itoyama, K., Shimada, T. and Shinoda, T. Precocious metamorphosis in the juvenile hormone-deficient mutant of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. PLoS Genet. 8:e1002486 (2012). [DOI] [PMID: 22412378] |
2. |
Daimon, T. and Shinoda, T. Function, diversity, and application of insect juvenile hormone epoxidases (CYP15). Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 60 (2013) 82–91. [DOI] [PMID: 23586995] |
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[EC 1.14.14.128 created 2015 as EC 1.14.13.203, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.128] |
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EC |
1.14.14.129 |
Accepted name: |
long-chain acyl-CoA ω-monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
(1) oleoyl-CoA + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 18-hydroxyoleoyl-CoA + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O (2) linoleoyl-CoA + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 18-hydroxylinoleoyl-CoA + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
Other name(s): |
long-chain acyl-CoA ω-hydroxylase; CYP86A22 (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
long-chain acyl-CoA,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (ω-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The enzymes from solanaceous plants are involved in the biosynthesis of stigmatic estolide, a lipid-based polyester that forms a major component of the exudate. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Han, J., Clement, J.M., Li, J., King, A., Ng, S. and Jaworski, J.G. The cytochrome P450 CYP86A22 is a fatty acyl-CoA ω-hydroxylase essential for estolide synthesis in the stigma of Petunia hybrida. J. Biol. Chem. 285 (2010) 3986–3996. [DOI] [PMID: 19940120] |
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[EC 1.14.14.129 created 2015 as EC 1.14.13.204, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.129] |
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EC |
1.14.14.130 |
Accepted name: |
laurate 7-monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
dodecanoate + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 7-hydroxydodecanoate + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
Glossary: |
laurate = dodecanoate |
Other name(s): |
CYP703A2 (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
dodecanoate,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein found in plants. The enzyme is involved in the synthesis of sporopollenin - a complex polymer found at the outer layer of spores and pollen. It can also act on decanoate (C10), myristate (C14), and palmitate (C16) with lower activity. The enzyme also produces a small amount of products that are hydroxylated at neighboring positions (C-6, C-8 and C-9). |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Morant, M., Jørgensen, K., Schaller, H., Pinot, F., Møller, B.L., Werck-Reichhart, D. and Bak, S. CYP703 is an ancient cytochrome P450 in land plants catalyzing in-chain hydroxylation of lauric acid to provide building blocks for sporopollenin synthesis in pollen. Plant Cell 19 (2007) 1473–1487. [DOI] [PMID: 17496121] |
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[EC 1.14.14.130 created 2015 as EC 1.14.13.206, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.130] |
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EC |
1.14.14.131 |
Accepted name: |
bursehernin 5′-monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
(–)-bursehernin + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = (–)-5′-demethylyatein + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of podophyllotoxin biosynthesis, click here |
Glossary: |
(–)-bursehernin = (3R,4R)-4-(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-3-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one
(–)-5′-demethylyatein = (3R,4R)-4-(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-3-[(3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one
(–)-yaetin = (3R,4R)-4-(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one |
Other name(s): |
CYP71CU1 (gene name); bursehernin 5′-hydroxylase |
Systematic name: |
(–)-bursehernin,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (5′-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein characterized from the plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum. The enzyme is involved in the biosynthetic pathway of podophyllotoxin, a non-alkaloid toxin lignan whose derivatives are important anticancer drugs. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Lau, W. and Sattely, E.S. Six enzymes from mayapple that complete the biosynthetic pathway to the etoposide aglycone. Science 349 (2015) 1224–1228. [DOI] [PMID: 26359402] |
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[EC 1.14.14.131 created 2016 as EC 1.14.13.213, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.131] |
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EC |
1.14.14.132 |
Accepted name: |
(–)-4′-demethyl-deoxypodophyllotoxin 4-hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
(–)-4′-demethyldeoxypodophyllotoxin + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = (–)-4′-demethylepipodophyllotoxin + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
Glossary: |
(–)-4′-demethyldeoxypodophyllotoxin = (5R,5aR,8aR)-5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,8,8a,9-tetrahydrofuro[3′,4′:6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6(5aH)-one
(–)-4′-demethylepipodophyllotoxin = (5R,5aR,8aR,9S)-9-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,8,8a,9-tetrahydrofuro[3′,4′:6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6(5aH)-one |
Other name(s): |
CYP82D61 (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
(–)-deoxypodophyllotoxin,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein characterized from the plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum. The enzyme produces the direct precursor to etoposide, a potent anticancer drug. It can also act on (–)-deoxypodophyllotoxin with lower efficiency. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Lau, W. and Sattely, E.S. Six enzymes from mayapple that complete the biosynthetic pathway to the etoposide aglycone. Science 349 (2015) 1224–1228. [DOI] [PMID: 26359402] |
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[EC 1.14.14.132 created 2016 as EC 1.14.13.214, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.132] |
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EC |
1.14.14.133 |
Accepted name: |
1,8-cineole 2-endo-monooxygenase |
Reaction: |
1,8-cineole + [reduced flavodoxin] + O2 = 2-endo-hydroxy-1,8-cineole + [oxidized flavodoxin] + H2O |
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For diagram of 1,8-cineole catabolism, click here |
Glossary: |
1,8-cineole = 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
2-endo-hydroxy-1,8-cineole = (1R,4S,6R)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-6-ol |
Other name(s): |
P450cin; CYP176A; CYP176A1 |
Systematic name: |
1,8-cineole,[reduced flavodoxin]:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-endo-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein that uses a flavodoxin-like redox partner to reduce the heme iron. Isolated from the bacterium Citrobacter braakii, which can use 1,8-cineole as the sole source of carbon. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB |
References: |
1. |
Hawkes, D.B., Adams, G.W., Burlingame, A.L., Ortiz de Montellano, P.R. and De Voss, J.J. Cytochrome P450cin (CYP176A), isolation, expression, and characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 27725–27732. [DOI] [PMID: 12016226] |
2. |
Meharenna, Y.T., Li, H., Hawkes, D.B., Pearson, A.G., De Voss, J. and Poulos, T.L. Crystal structure of P450cin in a complex with its substrate, 1,8-cineole, a close structural homologue to D-camphor, the substrate for P450cam. Biochemistry 43 (2004) 9487–9494. [DOI] [PMID: 15260491] |
3. |
Kimmich, N., Das, A., Sevrioukova, I., Meharenna, Y., Sligar, S.G. and Poulos, T.L. Electron transfer between cytochrome P450cin and its FMN-containing redox partner, cindoxin. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 27006–27011. [DOI] [PMID: 17606612] |
4. |
Meharenna, Y.T., Slessor, K.E., Cavaignac, S.M., Poulos, T.L. and De Voss, J.J. The critical role of substrate-protein hydrogen bonding in the control of regioselective hydroxylation in p450cin. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 10804–10812. [DOI] [PMID: 18270198] |
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[EC 1.14.14.133 created 2012 as EC 1.14.13.156, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.133] |
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EC |
1.14.14.134 |
Accepted name: |
β-amyrin 24-hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
(1) β-amyrin + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 24-hydroxy-β-amyrin + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O (2) sophoradiol + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 24-hydroxysophoradiol + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of soyasapogenol biosynthesis, click here |
Glossary: |
24-hydroxy-β-amyrin = olean-12-ene-3β,24-diol
24-hydroxysophoradiol = soyasapogenol B |
Other name(s): |
sophoradiol 24-hydroxylase; CYP93E1 |
Systematic name: |
β-amyrin,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (24-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. Found in plants and participates in the biosynthesis of soybean saponins. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Shibuya, M., Hoshino, M., Katsube, Y., Hayashi, H., Kushiro, T. and Ebizuka, Y. Identification of β-amyrin and sophoradiol 24-hydroxylase by expressed sequence tag mining and functional expression assay. FEBS J. 273 (2006) 948–959. [DOI] [PMID: 16478469] |
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[EC 1.14.14.134 created 2011 as EC 1.14.99.43, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.134] |
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EC |
1.14.14.135 |
Accepted name: |
glyceollin synthase |
Reaction: |
(1) (6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxy-2-prenylpterocarpan + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = glyceollin II + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O (2) (6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxy-2-prenylpterocarpan + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = glyceollin III + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O (3) (6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxy-4-prenylpterocarpan + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = glyceollin I + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O |
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For diagram of glyceollin biosynthesis (part 2), click here |
Glossary: |
prenyl = 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl |
Other name(s): |
dimethylallyl-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan cyclase |
Systematic name: |
(6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxy-2-prenylpterocarpan,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (cyclizing) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein purified from soybean. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Welle, R. and Grisebach, H. Induction of phytoalexin synthesis in soybean: enzymatic cyclization of prenylated pterocarpans to glyceollin isomers. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 263 (1988) 191–198. [DOI] [PMID: 3369863] |
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[EC 1.14.14.135 created 2004 as EC 1.14.13.85, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.135] |
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EC |
1.14.14.136 |
Accepted name: |
deoxysarpagine hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
10-deoxysarpagine + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = sarpagine + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of geissoschizine and sarpagine biosynthesis, click here |
Other name(s): |
DOSH |
Systematic name: |
10-deoxysarpagine,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (10-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytohrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein isolated from the plant Rauvolfia serpentina. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Yu, B., Ruppert, M. and Stöckigt, J. Deoxysarpagine hydroxylase — a novel enzyme closing a short side pathway of alkaloid biosynthesis in Rauvolfia. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 10 (2002) 2479–2483. [DOI] [PMID: 12057637] |
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[EC 1.14.14.136 created 2005 as EC 1.14.13.91, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.136] |
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EC |
1.14.14.137 |
Accepted name: |
(+)-abscisic acid 8′-hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
(+)-abscisate + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 8′-hydroxyabscisate + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of abscisic-acid biosynthesis, click here |
Other name(s): |
(+)-ABA 8′-hydroxylase; ABA 8′-hydroxylase; CYP707A1 (gene name) |
Systematic name: |
abscisate,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (8′-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein found in plants. Catalyses the first step in the oxidative degradation of abscisic acid and is considered to be the pivotal enzyme in controlling the rate of degradation of this plant hormone [1]. CO inhibits the reaction, but its effects can be reversed by the presence of blue light [1]. The 8′-hydroxyabscisate formed can be converted into (–)-phaseic acid, most probably spontaneously. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 153190-37-5 |
References: |
1. |
Cutler, A.J., Squires, T.M., Loewen, M.K. and Balsevich, J.J. Induction of (+)-abscisic acid 8′ hydroxylase by (+)-abscisic acid in cultured maize cells. J. Exp. Bot. 48 (1997) 1787–1795. |
2. |
Krochko, J.E., Abrams, G.D., Loewen, M.K., Abrams, S.R. and Cutler, A.J. (+)-Abscisic acid 8′-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. Plant Physiol. 118 (1998) 849–860. [PMID: 9808729] |
3. |
Saito, S., Hirai, N., Matsumoto, C., Ohigashi, H., Ohta, D., Sakata, K. and Mizutani, M. Arabidopsis CYP707As encode (+)-abscisic acid 8′-hydroxylase, a key enzyme in the oxidative catabolism of abscisic acid. Plant Physiol. 134 (2004) 1439–1449. [PMID: 15064374] |
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[EC 1.14.14.137 created 2005 as EC 1.14.13.93, transferred 2018 EC 1.14.14.137] |
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EC |
1.14.14.138 |
Accepted name: |
lithocholate 6β-hydroxylase |
Reaction: |
lithocholate + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 6β-hydroxylithocholate + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O |
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For diagram of the reaction of deoxycholate and related bile acids, click here |
Glossary: |
lithocholate = 3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oate
6β-hydroxylithocholate = murideoxycholate = 3α,6β-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oate |
Other name(s): |
lithocholate 6β-monooxygenase; CYP3A10; 6β-hydroxylase; cytochrome P450 3A10; lithocholic acid 6β-hydroxylase |
Systematic name: |
lithocholate,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (6β-hydroxylating) |
Comments: |
A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein from Mesocricetus auratus (golden hamster). Expression of the gene for this enzyme is 50-fold higher in male compared to female hamsters [1]. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9075-83-6 |
References: |
1. |
Teixeira, J. and Gil, G. Cloning, expression, and regulation of lithocholic acid 6β-hydroxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 21030–21036. [PMID: 1840595] |
2. |
Chang, T.K., Teixeira, J., Gil, G. and Waxman, D.J. The lithocholic acid 6beta-hydroxylase cytochrome P-450, CYP 3A10, is an active catalyst of steroid-hormone 6β-hydroxylation. Biochem. J. 291 (1993) 429–433. [PMID: 8484723] |
3. |
Subramanian, A., Wang, J. and Gil, G. STAT 5 and NF-Y are involved in expression and growth hormone-mediated sexually dimorphic regulation of cytochrome P450 3A10/lithocholic acid 6β-hydroxylase. Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (1998) 2173–2178. [DOI] [PMID: 9547277] |
4. |
Russell, D.W. The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72 (2003) 137–174. [DOI] [PMID: 12543708] |
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[EC 1.14.14.138 created 2005 as EC 1.14.13.94, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.138] |
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