The Enzyme Database

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EC 1.1.1.395     
Accepted name: 3α-hydroxy bile acid-CoA-ester 3-dehydrogenase
Reaction: a 3α-hydroxy bile acid CoA ester + NAD+ = a 3-oxo bile acid CoA ester + NADH + H+
Other name(s): baiA1 (gene name); baiA2 (gene name); baiA3 (gene name)
Systematic name: 3α-hydroxy-bile-acid-CoA-ester:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase
Comments: This bacterial enzyme is involved in the 7-dehydroxylation process associated with bile acid degradation. The enzyme has very little activity with unconjugated bile acid substrates. It has similar activity with choloyl-CoA, chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA, deoxycholoyl-CoA, and lithocholoyl-CoA.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Mallonee, D.H., Lijewski, M.A. and Hylemon, P.B. Expression in Escherichia coli and characterization of a bile acid-inducible 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Eubacterium sp. strain VPI 12708. Curr. Microbiol. 30 (1995) 259–263. [PMID: 7766153]
2.  Bhowmik, S., Jones, D.H., Chiu, H.P., Park, I.H., Chiu, H.J., Axelrod, H.L., Farr, C.L., Tien, H.J., Agarwalla, S. and Lesley, S.A. Structural and functional characterization of BaiA, an enzyme involved in secondary bile acid synthesis in human gut microbe. Proteins 82 (2014) 216–229. [DOI] [PMID: 23836456]
[EC 1.1.1.395 created 2016]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.115     
Accepted name: 3-oxocholoyl-CoA 4-desaturase
Reaction: (1) 7α,12α-dihydroxy-3-oxochol-24-oyl-CoA + NAD+ = 7α,12α-dihydroxy-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oyl-CoA + NADH + H+
(2) 7α-hydroxy-3-oxochol-24-oyl-CoA + NAD+ = 7α-hydroxy-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oyl-CoA + NADH + H+
Glossary: 7α,12α-dihydroxy-3-oxochol-24-oyl-CoA = 3-oxocholoyl-CoA
7α-hydroxy-3-oxochol-24-oyl-CoA = 3-oxochenodeoxycholoyl-CoA
Other name(s): baiCD (gene name); 3-oxo-choloyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3-oxocholoyl-CoA Δ4-oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains flavin. The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Clostridium scindens, participates in the bile acid 7α-dehydroxylation pathway. The enzyme catalyses the stereo-specific oxidation of its substrates and has no activity with the 7β anomers. cf. EC 1.3.1.116, 7β-hydroxy-3-oxochol-24-oyl-CoA 4-desaturase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Kang, D.J., Ridlon, J.M., Moore, D.R., 2nd, Barnes, S. and Hylemon, P.B. Clostridium scindens baiCD and baiH genes encode stereo-specific 7α/7β-hydroxy-3-oxo-Δ4-cholenoic acid oxidoreductases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1781 (2008) 16–25. [PMID: 18047844]
[EC 1.3.1.115 created 2018]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.116     
Accepted name: 7β-hydroxy-3-oxochol-24-oyl-CoA 4-desaturase
Reaction: 7β-hydroxy-3-oxochol-24-oyl-CoA + NAD+ = 7β-hydroxy-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oyl-CoA + NADH + H+
Other name(s): baiH (gene name)
Systematic name: 7β-hydroxy-3-oxochol-24-oyl-CoA Δ4-oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains FAD and FMN. The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Clostridium scindens, participates in the bile acid 7α-dehydroxylation pathway. The enzyme catalyses the stereo-specific oxidation of its substrate and has no activity with the 7α anomer. cf. EC 1.3.1.115, 3-oxocholoyl-CoA 4-desaturase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Baron, S.F. and Hylemon, P.B. Expression of the bile acid-inducible NADH:flavin oxidoreductase gene of Eubacterium sp. VPI 12708 in Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1249 (1995) 145–154. [PMID: 7599167]
2.  Franklund, C.V., Baron, S.F. and Hylemon, P.B. Characterization of the baiH gene encoding a bile acid-inducible NADH:flavin oxidoreductase from Eubacterium sp. strain VPI 12708. J. Bacteriol. 175 (1993) 3002–3012. [PMID: 8491719]
3.  Kang, D.J., Ridlon, J.M., Moore, D.R., 2nd, Barnes, S. and Hylemon, P.B. Clostridium scindens baiCD and baiH genes encode stereo-specific 7α/7β-hydroxy-3-oxo-Δ4-cholenoic acid oxidoreductases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1781 (2008) 16–25. [PMID: 18047844]
[EC 1.3.1.116 created 2018]
 
 
EC 2.3.1.65     
Accepted name: bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase
Reaction: choloyl-CoA + glycine = CoA + glycocholate
For diagram of the biosynthesis of cholic-acid conjugates, click here
Glossary: choloyl-CoA = 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oyl-CoA
Other name(s): glycine—taurine N-acyltransferase; amino acid N-choloyltransferase; BAT; glycine N-choloyltransferase; BACAT; cholyl-CoA glycine-taurine N-acyltransferase; cholyl-CoA:taurine N-acyltransferase
Systematic name: choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase
Comments: Also acts on CoA derivatives of other bile acids. Taurine and 2-fluoro-β-alanine can act as substrates, but more slowly [4]. The enzyme can also conjugate fatty acids to glycine and can act as a very-long-chain acyl-CoA thioesterase [7]. Bile-acid—amino-acid conjugates serve as detergents in the gastrointestinal tract, solubilizing long chain fatty acids, mono- and diglycerides, fat-soluble vitamins and cholesterol [4]. This is the second enzyme in a two-step process leading to the conjugation of bile acids with amino acids; the first step is the conversion of bile acids into their acyl-CoA thioesters, which is catalysed by EC 6.2.1.7, cholate—CoA ligase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 65979-40-0
References:
1.  Czuba, B. and Vessey, D.A. Kinetic characterization of cholyl-CoA glycine-taurine N-acyltransferase from bovine liver. J. Biol. Chem. 255 (1980) 5296–5299. [PMID: 7372637]
2.  Jordan, T.W., Lee, R. and Lim, W.C. Isoelectric focussing of soluble and particulate benzoyl-CoA and cholyl-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferases from rat liver. Biochem. Int. 1 (1980) 325–330.
3.  Vessey, D.A. The co-purification and common identity of cholyl CoA:glycine- and cholyl CoA:taurine-N-acyltransferase activities from bovine liver. J. Biol. Chem. 254 (1979) 2059–2063. [PMID: 422567]
4.  Johnson, M.R., Barnes, S., Kwakye, J.B. and Diasio, R.B. Purification and characterization of bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase from human liver. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 10227–10233. [PMID: 2037576]
5.  Falany, C.N., Xie, X., Wheeler, J.B., Wang, J., Smith, M., He, D. and Barnes, S. Molecular cloning and expression of rat liver bile acid CoA ligase. J. Lipid Res. 43 (2002) 2062–2071. [PMID: 12454267]
6.  He, D., Barnes, S. and Falany, C.N. Rat liver bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase: expression, characterization, and peroxisomal localization. J. Lipid Res. 44 (2003) 2242–2249. [DOI] [PMID: 12951368]
7.  O'Byrne, J., Hunt, M.C., Rai, D.K., Saeki, M. and Alexson, S.E. The human bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase functions in the conjugation of fatty acids to glycine. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 34237–34244. [DOI] [PMID: 12810727]
[EC 2.3.1.65 created 1983, modified 2005]
 
 
EC 2.8.3.25     
Accepted name: bile acid CoA-transferase
Reaction: (1) lithocholoyl-CoA + cholate = lithocholate + choloyl-CoA
(2) deoxycholoyl-CoA + cholate = deoxycholate + choloyl-CoA
Other name(s): baiF (gene name); baiK (gene name); bile acid coenzyme A transferase
Systematic name: lithocholoyl-CoA:cholate CoA-transferase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the gut bacterium Clostridium scindens, catalyses the last step in bile acid 7α-dehydroxylation, the removal of the CoA moiety from the products. By using a transferase rather than hydrolase, the bacteria conserve the thioester bond energy, saving ATP molecules. Clostridium scindens possesses two forms of the enzyme, encoded by the baiF and baiK genes. While the enzymes have a broad acceptor specificity and can use allocholate, ursodeoxycholate, and β-muricholate, the donor specificity is more strict. BaiF acts on lithocholoyl-CoA and deoxycholoyl-CoA, and BaiK acts only on the latter.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Ridlon, J.M. and Hylemon, P.B. Identification and characterization of two bile acid coenzyme A transferases from Clostridium scindens, a bile acid 7α-dehydroxylating intestinal bacterium. J. Lipid Res. 53 (2012) 66–76. [DOI] [PMID: 22021638]
[EC 2.8.3.25 created 2005 as EC 3.1.2.26, transferred 2016 to EC 2.8.3.25]
 
 
EC 3.1.2.26      
Transferred entry: bile-acid-CoA hydrolase. Now EC 2.8.3.25, bile acid CoA transferase
[EC 3.1.2.26 created 2005, deleted 2016]
 
 
EC 3.1.2.27     
Accepted name: choloyl-CoA hydrolase
Reaction: choloyl-CoA + H2O = cholate + CoA
For diagram of the biosynthesis of cholic-acid conjugates, click here
Other name(s): PTE-2 (ambiguous); choloyl-coenzyme A thioesterase; chenodeoxycholoyl-coenzyme A thioesterase; peroxisomal acyl-CoA thioesterase 2
Systematic name: choloyl-CoA hydrolase
Comments: Also acts on chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA and to a lesser extent on short- and medium- to long-chain acyl-CoAs, and other substrates, including trihydroxycoprostanoyl-CoA, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA and branched chain acyl-CoAs, all of which are present in peroxisomes. The enzyme is strongly inhibited by CoA and may be involved in controlling CoA levels in the peroxisome [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Hunt, M.C., Solaas, K., Kase, B.F. and Alexson, S.E. Characterization of an acyl-coA thioesterase that functions as a major regulator of peroxisomal lipid metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 1128–1138. [DOI] [PMID: 11673457]
2.  Solaas, K., Sletta, R.J., Soreide, O. and Kase, B.F. Presence of choloyl- and chenodeoxycholoyl-coenzyme A thioesterase activity in human liver. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 60 (2000) 91–102. [PMID: 10817395]
3.  Russell, D.W. The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72 (2003) 137–174. [DOI] [PMID: 12543708]
[EC 3.1.2.27 created 2005]
 
 
EC 6.2.1.7     
Accepted name: cholate—CoA ligase
Reaction: (1) ATP + cholate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + choloyl-CoA
(2) ATP + (25R)-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + (25R)-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoyl-CoA
For diagram of cholic acid conjugates biosynthesis, click here and for diagram of cholic acid biosynthesis (sidechain), click here
Glossary: cholate = 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oate
trihydroxycoprostanoate = 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oate
Other name(s): BAL; bile acid CoA ligase; bile acid coenzyme A ligase; choloyl-CoA synthetase; choloyl coenzyme A synthetase; cholic thiokinase; cholate thiokinase; cholic acid:CoA ligase; 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoyl coenzyme A synthetase; 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoate-CoA ligase; 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoate-CoA synthetase; THCA-CoA ligase; 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanate—CoA ligase; 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming); cholyl-CoA synthetase; trihydroxycoprostanoyl-CoA synthetase
Systematic name: cholate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
Comments: Requires Mg2+ for activity. The mammalian enzyme is membrane-bound and catalyses the first step in the conjugation of bile acids with amino acids, converting bile acids into their acyl-CoA thioesters. Chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate, lithocholate and trihydroxycoprostanoate can also act as substrates [7]. The bacterial enzyme is soluble and participates in an anaerobic bile acid 7 α-dehydroxylation pathway [5].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9027-90-1
References:
1.  Elliott, W.H. The enzymic activation of cholic acid by guinea-pig-liver microsomes. Biochem. J. 62 (1956) 427–433. [PMID: 13303991]
2.  Elliott, W.H. The breakdown of adenosine triphosphate accompanying cholic acid activation by guinea-pig liver microsomes. Biochem. J. 65 (1957) 315–321. [PMID: 13403911]
3.  Prydz, K., Kase, B.F., Björkhem, I. and Pedersen, J.I. Subcellular localization of 3α,7α-dihydroxy- and 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholestanoyl-coenzyme A ligase(s) in rat liver. J. Lipid Res. 29 (1988) 997–1004. [PMID: 3183523]
4.  Schepers, L., Casteels, M., Verheyden, K., Parmentier, G., Asselberghs, S., Eyssen, H.J. and Mannaerts, G.P. Subcellular distribution and characteristics of trihydroxycoprostanoyl-CoA synthetase in rat liver. Biochem. J. 257 (1989) 221–229. [PMID: 2521999]
5.  Mallonee, D.H., Adams, J.L. and Hylemon, P.B. The bile acid-inducible baiB gene from Eubacterium sp. strain VPI 12708 encodes a bile acid-coenzyme A ligase. J. Bacteriol. 174 (1992) 2065–2071. [DOI] [PMID: 1551828]
6.  Wheeler, J.B., Shaw, D.R. and Barnes, S. Purification and characterization of a rat liver bile acid coenzyme A ligase from rat liver microsomes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 348 (1997) 15–24. [DOI] [PMID: 9390170]
7.  Falany, C.N., Xie, X., Wheeler, J.B., Wang, J., Smith, M., He, D. and Barnes, S. Molecular cloning and expression of rat liver bile acid CoA ligase. J. Lipid Res. 43 (2002) 2062–2071. [PMID: 12454267]
[EC 6.2.1.7 created 1961 (EC 6.2.1.29 created 1992, incorporated 2005), modified 2005]
 
 


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