The Enzyme Database

Displaying entries 51-100 of 1138.

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EC 1.1.5.4     
Accepted name: malate dehydrogenase (quinone)
Reaction: (S)-malate + a quinone = oxaloacetate + reduced quinone
Other name(s): FAD-dependent malate-vitamin K reductase; malate-vitamin K reductase; (S)-malate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase; L-malate-quinone oxidoreductase; malate:quinone oxidoreductase; malate quinone oxidoreductase; MQO; malate:quinone reductase; malate dehydrogenase (acceptor); FAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: (S)-malate:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: A flavoprotein (FAD). Vitamin K and several other quinones can act as acceptors. Different from EC 1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase (NAD+)), EC 1.1.1.82 (malate dehydrogenase (NADP+)) and EC 1.1.1.299 (malate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Imai, D. and Brodie, A.F. A phospholipid-requiring enzyme, malate-vitamin K reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 248 (1973) 7487–7494.
2.  Imai, T. FAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase, a phospholipid-requiring enzyme from Mycobacterium sp. strain Takeo. Purification and some properties. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 523 (1978) 37–46. [DOI] [PMID: 629992]
3.  Reddy, T.L.P., Suryanarayana, P.M. and Venkitasubramanian, T.A. Variations in the pathways of malate oxidation and phosphorylation in different species of Mycobacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 376 (1975) 210–218. [DOI] [PMID: 234747]
4.  Molenaar, D., van der Rest, M.E. and Petrovic, S. Biochemical and genetic characterization of the membrane-associated malate dehydrogenase (acceptor) from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Eur. J. Biochem. 254 (1998) 395–403. [DOI] [PMID: 9660197]
5.  Kather, B., Stingl, K., van der Rest, M.E., Altendorf, K. and Molenaar, D. Another unusual type of citric acid cycle enzyme in Helicobacter pylori: the malate:quinone oxidoreductase. J. Bacteriol. 182 (2000) 3204–3209. [DOI] [PMID: 10809701]
[EC 1.1.5.4 created 1978 as EC 1.1.99.16, transferred 2009 to EC 1.1.5.4]
 
 
EC 1.1.5.5     
Accepted name: alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone)
Reaction: ethanol + ubiquinone = acetaldehyde + ubiquinol
Other name(s): type III ADH; membrane associated quinohaemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase
Systematic name: alcohol:quinone oxidoreductase
Comments: Only described in acetic acid bacteria where it is involved in acetic acid production. Associated with membrane. Electron acceptor is membrane ubiquinone. A model structure suggests that, like all other quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases, the catalytic subunit has an 8-bladed ‘propeller’ structure, a calcium ion bound to the PQQ in the active site and an unusual disulfide ring structure in close proximity to the PQQ; the catalytic subunit also has a heme c in the C-terminal domain. The enzyme has two additional subunits, one of which contains three molecules of heme c. It does not require amines for activation. It has a restricted substrate specificity, oxidizing a few primary alcohols (C2 to C6), but not methanol, secondary alcohols and some aldehydes. It is assayed with phenazine methosulfate or with ferricyanide.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Gomez-Manzo, S., Contreras-Zentella, M., Gonzalez-Valdez, A., Sosa-Torres, M., Arreguin-Espinoza, R. and Escamilla-Marvan, E. The PQQ-alcohol dehydrogenase of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 125 (2008) 71–78. [DOI] [PMID: 18321602]
2.  Shinagawa, E., Toyama, H., Matsushita, K., Tuitemwong, P., Theeragool, G. and Adachi, O. A novel type of formaldehyde-oxidizing enzyme from the membrane of Acetobacter sp. SKU 14. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70 (2006) 850–857. [DOI] [PMID: 16636451]
3.  Chinnawirotpisan, P., Theeragool, G., Limtong, S., Toyama, H., Adachi, O.O. and Matsushita, K. Quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase is involved in catabolic acetate production, while NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase in ethanol assimilation in Acetobacter pasteurianus SKU1108. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 96 (2003) 564–571. [DOI] [PMID: 16233574]
4.  Frebortova, J., Matsushita, K., Arata, H. and Adachi, O. Intramolecular electron transport in quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase of Acetobacter methanolicus: a redox-titration stud. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1363 (1998) 24–34. [DOI] [PMID: 9526036]
5.  Matsushita, K., Kobayashi, Y., Mizuguchi, M., Toyama, H., Adachi, O., Sakamoto, K. and Miyoshi, H. A tightly bound quinone functions in the ubiquinone reaction sites of quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase of an acetic acid bacterium, Gluconobacter suboxydans. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 72 (2008) 2723–2731. [DOI] [PMID: 18838797]
6.  Matsushita, K., Yakushi, T., Toyama, H., Shinagawa, E. and Adachi, O. Function of multiple heme c moieties in intramolecular electron transport and ubiquinone reduction in the quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase-cytochrome c complex of Gluconobacter suboxydans. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 4850–4857. [DOI] [PMID: 8617755]
7.  Matsushita, K., Takaki, Y., Shinagawa, E., Ameyama, M. and Adachi, O. Ethanol oxidase respiratory chain of acetic acid bacteria. Reactivity with ubiquinone of pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases purified from Acetobacter aceti and Gluconobacter suboxydans. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 56 (1992) 304–310.
8.  Matsushita, K., Toyama, H. and Adachi, O. Respiratory chains and bioenergetics of acetic acid bacteria. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 36 (1994) 247–301. [PMID: 7942316]
9.  Cozier, G.E., Giles, I.G. and Anthony, C. The structure of the quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase of Acetobacter aceti modelled on that of methanol dehydrogenase from Methylobacterium extorquens. Biochem. J. 308 (1995) 375–379. [PMID: 7772016]
[EC 1.1.5.5 created 2009, modified 2010]
 
 
EC 1.1.5.6      
Transferred entry: formate dehydrogenase-N. Now EC 1.17.5.3, formate dehydrogenase-N
[EC 1.1.5.6 created 2010, deleted 2017]
 
 
EC 1.1.5.8     
Accepted name: quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase (quinone)
Reaction: quinate + quinone = 3-dehydroquinate + quinol
For diagram of shikimate and chorismate biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: quinate = (1R,3R,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid and is a cyclitol carboxylate
The numbering system used for the 3-dehydroquinate is that of the recommendations on cyclitols, sections I-8 and I-9: and is shown in the reaction diagram. The use of the term '5-dehydroquinate' for this compound is based on an earlier system of numbering.
Other name(s): NAD(P)+-independent quinate dehydrogenase; quinate:pyrroloquinoline-quinone 5-oxidoreductase; quinate dehydrogenase (quinone)
Systematic name: quinate:quinol 3-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme is membrane-bound. Does not use NAD(P)+ as acceptor. Contains pyrroloquinoline-quinone. cf. EC 1.1.1.24, quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase (NAD+), EC 1.1.1.282, quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+], and EC 1.1.1.25, shikimate dehydrogenase (NADP+).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 115299-99-5
References:
1.  van Kleef, M.A.G. and Duine, J.A. Bacterial NAD(P)-independent quinate dehydrogenase is a quinoprotein. Arch. Microbiol. 150 (1988) 32–36. [PMID: 3044290]
2.  Adachi, O., Tanasupawat, S., Yoshihara, N., Toyama, H. and Matsushita, K. 3-Dehydroquinate production by oxidative fermentation and further conversion of 3-dehydroquinate to the intermediates in the shikimate pathway. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 67 (2003) 2124–2131. [DOI] [PMID: 14586099]
3.  Vangnai, A.S., Toyama, H., De-Eknamkul, W., Yoshihara, N., Adachi, O. and Matsushita, K. Quinate oxidation in Gluconobacter oxydans IFO3244: purification and characterization of quinoprotein quinate dehydrogenase. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 241 (2004) 157–162. [DOI] [PMID: 15598527]
[EC 1.1.5.8 created 1992 as EC 1.1.99.25, modified 2004, transferred 2010 to EC 1.1.5.8, modified 2021]
 
 
EC 1.1.5.14     
Accepted name: fructose 5-dehydrogenase
Reaction: D-fructose + a ubiquinone = 5-dehydro-D-fructose + a ubiquinol
Other name(s): fructose 5-dehydrogenase (acceptor); D-fructose dehydrogenase; D-fructose:(acceptor) 5-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: D-fructose:ubiquinone 5-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the bacterium Gluconobacter japonicus, is a heterotrimer composed of an FAD-containing large subunit, a small subunit, and a heme c-containing subunit, which is responsible for anchoring the complex to the cytoplasmic membrane and for transferring the electrons to ubiquinone.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37250-85-4
References:
1.  Yamada, Y., Aida, K. and Uemura, T. Enzymatic studies on the oxidation of sugar and sugar alcohol. I. Purification and properties of particle-bound fructose dehydrogenase. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 61 (1967) 636–646. [PMID: 6059959]
2.  Ameyama, M. and Adachi, O. D-Fructose dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter industrius, membrane-bound. Methods Enzymol. 89 (1982) 154–159.
3.  Nakashima, K., Takei, H., Adachi, O., Shinagawa, E. and Ameyama, M. Determination of seminal fructose using D-fructose dehydrogenase. Clin. Chim. Acta 151 (1985) 307–310. [DOI] [PMID: 4053391]
4.  Kawai, S., Goda-Tsutsumi, M., Yakushi, T., Kano, K. and Matsushita, K. Heterologous overexpression and characterization of a flavoprotein-cytochrome c complex fructose dehydrogenase of Gluconobacter japonicus NBRC3260. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79 (2013) 1654–1660. [DOI] [PMID: 23275508]
[EC 1.1.5.14 created 1972 as EC 1.1.99.11, transferred 2021 to EC 1.1.5.14]
 
 
EC 1.1.9.1     
Accepted name: alcohol dehydrogenase (azurin)
Reaction: a primary alcohol + azurin = an aldehyde + reduced azurin
Other name(s): type II quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase; quinohaemoprotein ethanol dehydrogenase; QHEDH; ADHIIB
Systematic name: alcohol:azurin oxidoreductase
Comments: A soluble, periplasmic PQQ-containing quinohemoprotein. Also contains a single heme c. Occurs in Comamonas and Pseudomonas. Does not require an amine activator. Oxidizes a wide range of primary and secondary alcohols, and also aldehydes and large substrates such as sterols; methanol is not a substrate. Usually assayed with phenazine methosulfate or ferricyanide. Like all other quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases it has an 8-bladed ‘propeller’ structure, a calcium ion bound to the PQQ in the active site and an unusual disulfide ring structure in close proximity to the PQQ.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Groen, B.W., van Kleef, M.A. and Duine, J.A. Quinohaemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase apoenzyme from Pseudomonas testosteroni. Biochem. J. 234 (1986) 611–615. [PMID: 3521592]
2.  de Jong, G.A., Caldeira, J., Sun, J., Jongejan, J.A., de Vries, S., Loehr, T.M., Moura, I., Moura, J.J. and Duine, J.A. Characterization of the interaction between PQQ and heme c in the quinohemoprotein ethanol dehydrogenase from Comamonas testosteroni. Biochemistry 34 (1995) 9451–9458. [PMID: 7626615]
3.  Toyama, H., Fujii, A., Matsushita, K., Shinagawa, E., Ameyama, M. and Adachi, O. Three distinct quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases are expressed when Pseudomonas putida is grown on different alcohols. J. Bacteriol. 177 (1995) 2442–2450. [DOI] [PMID: 7730276]
4.  Matsushita, K., Yamashita, T., Aoki, N., Toyama, H. and Adachi, O. Electron transfer from quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase to blue copper protein azurin in the alcohol oxidase respiratory chain of Pseudomonas putida HK5. Biochemistry 38 (1999) 6111–6118. [DOI] [PMID: 10320337]
5.  Chen, Z.W., Matsushita, K., Yamashita, T., Fujii, T.A., Toyama, H., Adachi, O., Bellamy, H.D. and Mathews, F.S. Structure at 1.9 &Aring; resolution of a quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida HK5. Structure 10 (2002) 837–849. [DOI] [PMID: 12057198]
6.  Oubrie, A., Rozeboom, H.J., Kalk, K.H., Huizinga, E.G. and Dijkstra, B.W. Crystal structure of quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase from Comamonas testosteroni: structural basis for substrate oxidation and electron transfer. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 3727–3732. [DOI] [PMID: 11714714]
[EC 1.1.9.1 created 2010 as EC 1.1.98.1; transferred 2011 to EC 1.1.9.1]
 
 
EC 1.1.98.1      
Transferred entry: Now EC 1.1.9.1, alcohol dehydrogenase (azurin)
[EC 1.1.98.1 created 2010, deleted 2011]
 
 
EC 1.1.98.6     
Accepted name: ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase (formate)
Reaction: ribonucleoside 5′-triphosphate + formate = 2′-deoxyribonucleoside 5′-triphosphate + CO2 + H2O
Other name(s): nrdD (gene name); class III ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase; anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase; anaerobic ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase
Systematic name: ribonucleoside-5′-triphosphate:formate 2′-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme, which is expressed in the bacterium Escherichia coli during anaerobic growth, contains an iron sulfur center. The active form of the enzyme contains an oxygen-sensitive glycyl (1-amino-2-oxoethan-1-yl) radical that is generated by the activating enzyme NrdG via chemistry involving S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and a [4Fe-4S] cluster. The glycyl radical is involved in generation of a transient thiyl (sulfanyl) radical on a cysteine residue, which attacks the substrate, forming a ribonucleotide 3′-radical, followed by water loss to form a ketyl (α-oxoalkyl) radical. The ketyl radical gains an electron from a cysteine residue and a proton from formic acid, forming 3′-keto-deoxyribonucleotide and generating a thiosulfuranyl (1λ4-disulfan-1-yl) radical bridge between methionine and cysteine residues. Oxidation of formate by the thiosulfuranyl radical results in the release of CO2 and regeneration of the thiyl radical. cf. EC 1.17.4.1, ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase and EC 1.17.4.2, ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase (thioredoxin).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Eliasson, R., Pontis, E., Fontecave, M., Gerez, C., Harder, J., Jornvall, H., Krook, M. and Reichard, P. Characterization of components of the anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase system from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 25541–25547. [PMID: 1460049]
2.  Mulliez, E., Fontecave, M., Gaillard, J. and Reichard, P. An iron-sulfur center and a free radical in the active anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 2296–2299. [PMID: 8381402]
3.  Mulliez, E., Ollagnier, S., Fontecave, M., Eliasson, R. and Reichard, P. Formate is the hydrogen donor for the anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995) 8759–8762. [DOI] [PMID: 7568012]
4.  Ollagnier, S., Mulliez, E., Schmidt, P.P., Eliasson, R., Gaillard, J., Deronzier, C., Bergman, T., Graslund, A., Reichard, P. and Fontecave, M. Activation of the anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli. The essential role of the iron-sulfur center for S-adenosylmethionine reduction. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 24216–24223. [DOI] [PMID: 9305874]
5.  Wei, Y., Mathies, G., Yokoyama, K., Chen, J., Griffin, R.G. and Stubbe, J. A chemically competent thiosulfuranyl radical on the Escherichia coli class III ribonucleotide reductase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (2014) 9001–9013. [DOI] [PMID: 24827372]
[EC 1.1.98.6 created 2017]
 
 
EC 1.1.98.7     
Accepted name: serine-type anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme
Reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a [sulfatase]-L-serine = a [sulfatase]-3-oxo-L-alanine + 5′-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine
Glossary: 3-oxo-L-alanine = (S)-formylglycine = (S)-Cα-formylglycine = FGly
Other name(s): atsB (gene name)
Systematic name: [sulfatase]-L-serine:S-adenosyl-L-methionine oxidoreductase (3-oxo-L-alanine-forming)
Comments: A bacterial radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) enzyme that contains three [4Fe-4S] clusters. The enzyme, found in some bacteria, activates a type I sulfatase enzyme (EC 3.1.6.1) by converting a conserved L-serine residue in the active site to a unique 3-oxo-L-alanine residue that is essential for the sulfatase activity. While the enzyme from Klebsiella pneumoniae is specific for L-serine, the enzyme from Clostridium perfringens can also act on L-cysteine, see EC 1.8.98.7, cysteine-type anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Szameit, C., Miech, C., Balleininger, M., Schmidt, B., von Figura, K. and Dierks, T. The iron sulfur protein AtsB is required for posttranslational formation of formylglycine in the Klebsiella sulfatase. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 15375–15381. [PMID: 10336424]
2.  Fang, Q., Peng, J. and Dierks, T. Post-translational formylglycine modification of bacterial sulfatases by the radical S-adenosylmethionine protein AtsB. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 14570–14578. [PMID: 14749327]
3.  Grove, T.L., Lee, K.H., St Clair, J., Krebs, C. and Booker, S.J. In vitro characterization of AtsB, a radical SAM formylglycine-generating enzyme that contains three [4Fe-4S] clusters. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 7523–7538. [PMID: 18558715]
[EC 1.1.98.7 created 2020]
 
 
EC 1.1.99.5      
Transferred entry: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. As the acceptor is now known, the enzyme has been transferred to EC 1.1.5.3, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
[EC 1.1.99.5 created 1961 as EC 1.1.2.1, transferred 1965 to EC 1.1.99.5, deleted 2009]
 
 
EC 1.1.99.16      
Transferred entry: malate dehydrogenase (acceptor). As the acceptor is now known, the enzyme has been transferred to EC 1.1.5.4, malate dehydrogenase (quinone).
[EC 1.1.99.16 created 1978, deleted 2009]
 
 
EC 1.1.99.25      
Transferred entry: quinate dehydrogenase (pyrroloquinoline-quinone). Now EC 1.1.5.8, quinate dehydrogenase (quinone)
[EC 1.1.99.25 created 1992, modified 2004, deleted 2010]
 
 
EC 1.1.99.33      
Transferred entry: formate dehydrogenase (acceptor). Now EC 1.17.99.7, formate dehydrogenase (acceptor)
[EC 1.1.99.33 created 2010, deleted 2017]
 
 
EC 1.1.99.36     
Accepted name: alcohol dehydrogenase (nicotinoprotein)
Reaction: ethanol + acceptor = acetaldehyde + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): NDMA-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase; nicotinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase; np-ADH; ethanol:N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline oxidoreductase
Systematic name: ethanol:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains Zn2+. Nicotinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases are unique medium-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (MDR) alcohol dehydrogenases that have a tightly bound NAD+/NADH cofactor that does not dissociate during the catalytic process. Instead, the cofactor is regenerated by a second substrate or electron carrier. While the in vivo electron acceptor is not known, N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (NDMA), which is reduced to 4-(hydroxylamino)-N,N-dimethylaniline, can serve this function in vitro. The enzyme from the Gram-positive bacterium Amycolatopsis methanolica can accept many primary alcohols as substrates, including benzylalcohol [1].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Van Ophem, P.W., Van Beeumen, J. and Duine, J.A. Nicotinoprotein [NAD(P)-containing] alcohol/aldehyde oxidoreductases. Purification and characterization of a novel type from Amycolatopsis methanolica. Eur. J. Biochem. 212 (1993) 819–826. [DOI] [PMID: 8385013]
2.  Piersma, S.R., Visser, A.J., de Vries, S. and Duine, J.A. Optical spectroscopy of nicotinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase from Amycolatopsis methanolica: a comparison with horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase and UDP-galactose epimerase. Biochemistry 37 (1998) 3068–3077. [DOI] [PMID: 9485460]
3.  Schenkels, P. and Duine, J.A. Nicotinoprotein (NADH-containing) alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 1069: an efficient catalyst for coenzyme-independent oxidation of a broad spectrum of alcohols and the interconversion of alcohols and aldehydes. Microbiology 146 (2000) 775–785. [DOI] [PMID: 10784035]
4.  Piersma, S.R., Norin, A., de Vries, S., Jornvall, H. and Duine, J.A. Inhibition of nicotinoprotein (NAD+-containing) alcohol dehydrogenase by trans-4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-cinnamaldehyde binding to the active site. J. Protein Chem. 22 (2003) 457–461. [PMID: 14690248]
5.  Norin, A., Piersma, S.R., Duine, J.A. and Jornvall, H. Nicotinoprotein (NAD+ -containing) alcohol dehydrogenase: structural relationships and functional interpretations. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60 (2003) 999–1006. [DOI] [PMID: 12827287]
[EC 1.1.99.36 created 2010]
 
 
EC 1.1.99.37     
Accepted name: methanol dehydrogenase (nicotinoprotein)
Reaction: methanol + acceptor = formaldehyde + reduced acceptor
Other name(s): NDMA-dependent methanol dehydrogenase; nicotinoprotein methanol dehydrogenase; methanol:N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline oxidoreductase
Systematic name: methanol:acceptor oxidoreductase
Comments: Contains Zn2+ and Mg2+. Nicotinoprotein methanol dehydrogenases have a tightly bound NADP+/NADPH cofactor that does not dissociate during the catalytic process. Instead, the cofactor is regenerated by a second substrate or electron carrier. While the in vivo electron acceptor is not known, N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (NDMA), which is reduced to 4-(hydroxylamino)-N,N-dimethylaniline, can serve this function in vitro. The enzyme has been detected in several Gram-positive methylotrophic bacteria, including Amycolatopsis methanolica, Rhodococcus rhodochrous and Rhodococcus erythropolis [1-3]. These enzymes are decameric, and possess a 5-fold symmetry [4]. Some of the enzymes can also dismutate formaldehyde to methanol and formate [5].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Vonck, J., Arfman, N., De Vries, G.E., Van Beeumen, J., Van Bruggen, E.F. and Dijkhuizen, L. Electron microscopic analysis and biochemical characterization of a novel methanol dehydrogenase from the thermotolerant Bacillus sp. C1. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 3949–3954. [PMID: 1995642]
2.  Van Ophem, P.W., Van Beeumen, J. and Duine, J.A. Nicotinoprotein [NAD(P)-containing] alcohol/aldehyde oxidoreductases. Purification and characterization of a novel type from Amycolatopsis methanolica. Eur. J. Biochem. 212 (1993) 819–826. [DOI] [PMID: 8385013]
3.  Bystrykh, L.V., Vonck, J., van Bruggen, E.F., van Beeumen, J., Samyn, B., Govorukhina, N.I., Arfman, N., Duine, J.A. and Dijkhuizen, L. Electron microscopic analysis and structural characterization of novel NADP(H)-containing methanol: N,N′-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline oxidoreductases from the gram-positive methylotrophic bacteria Amycolatopsis methanolica and Mycobacterium gastri MB19. J. Bacteriol. 175 (1993) 1814–1822. [DOI] [PMID: 8449887]
4.  Hektor, H.J., Kloosterman, H. and Dijkhuizen, L. Identification of a magnesium-dependent NAD(P)(H)-binding domain in the nicotinoprotein methanol dehydrogenase from Bacillus methanolicus. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 46966–46973. [DOI] [PMID: 12351635]
5.  Park, H., Lee, H., Ro, Y.T. and Kim, Y.M. Identification and functional characterization of a gene for the methanol : N,N′-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline oxidoreductase from Mycobacterium sp. strain JC1 (DSM 3803). Microbiology 156 (2010) 463–471. [DOI] [PMID: 19875438]
[EC 1.1.99.37 created 2010]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.10     
Accepted name: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating)
Reaction: acetaldehyde + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+
For diagram of 3-phenylpropanoate catabolism, click here, for diagram of catechol catabolism (meta ring cleavage), click here and for diagram of cinnamate catabolism, click here
Other name(s): aldehyde dehydrogenase (acylating); ADA; acylating acetaldehyde dehyrogenase; DmpF; BphJ
Systematic name: acetaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating)
Comments: Also acts, more slowly, on glycolaldehyde, propanal and butanal. In several bacterial species this enzyme forms a bifunctional complex with EC 4.1.3.39, 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase. The enzymes from the bacteria Burkholderia xenovorans and Thermus thermophilus also perform the reaction of EC 1.2.1.87, propanal dehydrogenase (propanoylating). Involved in the meta-cleavage pathway for the degradation of phenols, methylphenols and catechols. NADP+ can replace NAD+ but the rate of reaction is much slower [3].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9028-91-5
References:
1.  Burton, R.M. and Stadtman, E.R. The oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetyl coenzyme A. J. Biol. Chem. 202 (1953) 873–890. [PMID: 13061511]
2.  Smith, L.T. and Kaplan, N.O. Purification, properties, and kinetic mechanism of coenzyme A-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase from Clostridium kluyveri. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 203 (1980) 663–675. [DOI] [PMID: 7458347]
3.  Powlowski, J., Sahlman, L. and Shingler, V. Purification and properties of the physically associated meta-cleavage pathway enzymes 4-hydroxy-2-ketovalerate aldolase and aldehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) from Pseudomonas sp. strain CF600. J. Bacteriol. 175 (1993) 377–385. [DOI] [PMID: 8419288]
4.  Baker, P., Pan, D., Carere, J., Rossi, A., Wang, W. and Seah, S.Y.K. Characterization of an aldolase-dehydrogenase complex that exhibits substrate channeling in the polychlorinated biphenyls degradation pathway. Biochemistry 48 (2009) 6551–6558. [DOI] [PMID: 19476337]
5.  Baker, P., Hillis, C., Carere, J. and Seah, S.Y.K. Protein-protein interactions and substrate channeling in orthologous and chimeric aldolase-dehydrogenase complexes. Biochemistry 51 (2012) 1942–1952. [DOI] [PMID: 22316175]
[EC 1.2.1.10 created 1961, modified 2006, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.25     
Accepted name: branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase system
Reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + CoA + NAD+ = 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH
Other name(s): branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex; 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase; α-ketoisovalerate dehydrogenase; 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating)
Systematic name: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-methylpropanoylating)
Comments: This enzyme system catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain α-keto acids derived from L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine to branched-chain acyl-CoAs. It belongs to the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase system family, which also includes EC 1.2.1.104, pyruvate dehydrogenase system, EC 1.2.1.105, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase system, EC 1.4.1.27, glycine cleavage system, and EC 2.3.1.190, acetoin dehydrogenase system. With the exception of the glycine cleavage system, which contains 4 components, the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase systems share a common structure, consisting of three main components, namely a 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase (E1), a dihydrolipoamide acyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The reaction catalysed by this system is the sum of three activities: EC 1.2.4.4, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring), EC 2.3.1.168, dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase, and EC 1.8.1.4, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. The system also acts on (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate and 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37211-61-3
References:
1.  Namba, Y., Yoshizawa, K., Ejima, A., Hayashi, T. and Kaneda, T. Coenzyme A- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent branched chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase. I. Purification and properties of the enzyme from Bacillus subtilis. J. Biol. Chem. 244 (1969) 4437–4447. [PMID: 4308861]
2.  Pettit, F.H., Yeaman, S.J. and Reed, L.J. Purification and characterization of branched chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex of bovine kidney. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75 (1978) 4881–4885. [DOI] [PMID: 283398]
3.  Harris, R.A., Hawes, J.W., Popov, K.M., Zhao, Y., Shimomura, Y., Sato, J., Jaskiewicz, J. and Hurley, T.D. Studies on the regulation of the mitochondrial α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes and their kinases. Adv. Enzyme Regul. 37 (1997) 271–293. [DOI] [PMID: 9381974]
4.  Evarsson, A., Chuang, J.L., Wynn, R.M., Turley, S., Chuang, D.T. and Hol, W.G. Crystal structure of human branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase and the molecular basis of multienzyme complex deficiency in maple syrup urine disease. Structure 8 (2000) 277–291. [PMID: 10745006]
5.  Reed, L.J. A trail of research from lipoic acid to α-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 38329–38336. [DOI] [PMID: 11477096]
[EC 1.2.1.25 created 1972, modified 2019, modified 2020]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.32     
Accepted name: aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + NAD+ + H2O = 2-aminomuconate + NADH + 2 H+
For diagram of the later stages of tryptophan catabolism, click here
Other name(s): 2-aminomuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 2-hydroxymuconic acid semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; α-aminomuconic ε-semialdehyde dehydrogenase; α-hydroxymuconic ε-semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 2-aminomuconate-6-semialdehyde:NAD+ 6-oxidoreductase
Comments: Also acts on 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37250-95-6
References:
1.  Ichiyama, A., Nakamura, S., Kawai, H., Honjo, T., Nishizuka, Y., Hayaishi, O. and Senoh, S. Studies on the metabolism of the benzene ring of tryptophan in mammalian tissues. II. Enzymic formation of α-aminomuconic acid from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 240 (1965) 740–749. [PMID: 14275130]
[EC 1.2.1.32 created 1972]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.53     
Accepted name: 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = 4-hydroxyphenylacetate + NADH + 2 H+
Other name(s): 4-HPAL dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: With EC 4.2.1.87 octopamine dehydratase, brings about the metabolism of octopamine in Pseudomonas.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 109456-56-6
References:
1.  Cuskey, S.M., Peccoraro, V. and Olsen, R.H. Initial catabolism of aromatic biogenic amines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO: pathway description, mapping of mutations, and cloning of essential genes. J. Bacteriol. 169 (1987) 2398–2404. [DOI] [PMID: 3034855]
[EC 1.2.1.53 created 1989]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.65     
Accepted name: salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: salicylaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = salicylate + NADH + 2 H+
Glossary: salicylaldehyde = 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde
Systematic name: salicylaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Involved in the naphthalene degradation pathway in some bacteria.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 55354-34-2
References:
1.  Eaton, R. and Chapman, P.J. Bacterial metabolism of naphthalene: construction and use of recombinant bacteria to study ring cleavage of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene and subsequent reactions. J. Bacteriol. 174 (1992) 7542–7554. [DOI] [PMID: 1447127]
[EC 1.2.1.65 created 2000, modified 2011]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.73     
Accepted name: sulfoacetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-sulfoacetaldehyde + H2O + NAD+ = sulfoacetate + NADH + 2 H+
Glossary: 2-sulfoacetaldehyde = 2-oxoethanesulfonate
taurine = 2-aminoethanesulfonate
Other name(s): SafD
Systematic name: 2-sulfoacetaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: This reaction is part of a bacterial pathway that can utilize the amino group of taurine as a sole source of nitrogen for growth. At physiological concentrations, NAD+ cannot be replaced by NADP+. The enzyme is specific for sulfoacetaldehyde, as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, betaine aldehyde, propanal, glyceraldehyde, phosphonoacetaldehyde, glyoxylate, glycolaldehyde and 2-oxobutyrate are not substrates.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Krejčík, Z., Denger, K., Weinitschke, S., Hollemeyer, K., Pačes, V., Cook, A.M. and Smits, T.H.M. Sulfoacetate released during the assimilation of taurine-nitrogen by Neptuniibacter caesariensis: purification of sulfoacetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Arch. Microbiol. 190 (2008) 159–168. [DOI] [PMID: 18506422]
[EC 1.2.1.73 created 2008]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.77     
Accepted name: 3,4-dehydroadipyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Reaction: 3,4-didehydroadipyl-CoA semialdehyde + NADP+ + H2O = 3,4-didehydroadipyl-CoA + NADPH + H+
For diagram of Benzoyl-CoA catabolism, click here
Other name(s): BoxD; 3,4-dehydroadipyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3,4-didehydroadipyl-CoA semialdehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme catalyses a step in the aerobic benzoyl-coenzyme A catabolic pathway in Azoarcus evansii and Burkholderia xenovorans.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EAWAG-BBD, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Gescher, J., Ismail, W., Olgeschlager, E., Eisenreich, W., Worth, J. and Fuchs, G. Aerobic benzoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) catabolic pathway in Azoarcus evansii: conversion of ring cleavage product by 3,4-dehydroadipyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase. J. Bacteriol. 188 (2006) 2919–2927. [DOI] [PMID: 16585753]
2.  Bains, J. and Boulanger, M.J. Structural and biochemical characterization of a novel aldehyde dehydrogenase encoded by the benzoate oxidation pathway in Burkholderia xenovorans LB400. J. Mol. Biol. 379 (2008) 597–608. [DOI] [PMID: 18462753]
[EC 1.2.1.77 created 2010]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.85     
Accepted name: 2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde + NAD+ + H2O = (2Z,4E)-2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienedioate + NADH + 2 H+
For diagram of catechol catabolism (meta ring cleavage), click here
Glossary: 2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde = (2Z,4E)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoate
Other name(s): xylG (gene name); praB (gene name)
Systematic name: 2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: This substrate for this enzyme is formed by meta ring cleavage of catechol (EC 1.13.11.2, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase), and is an intermediate in the bacterial degradation of several aromatic compounds. Has lower activity with benzaldehyde [1]. Activity with NAD+ is more than 10-fold higher than with NADP+ [3]. cf. EC 1.2.1.32, aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Inoue, J., Shaw, J.P., Rekik, M. and Harayama, S. Overlapping substrate specificities of benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (the xylC gene product) and 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (the xylG gene product) encoded by TOL plasmid pWW0 of Pseudomonas putida. J. Bacteriol. 177 (1995) 1196–1201. [DOI] [PMID: 7868591]
2.  Orii, C., Takenaka, S., Murakami, S. and Aoki, K. Metabolism of 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid by Bordetella sp. strain 10d: A different modified meta-cleavage pathway for 2-aminophenols. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70 (2006) 2653–2661. [DOI] [PMID: 17090920]
3.  Kasai, D., Fujinami, T., Abe, T., Mase, K., Katayama, Y., Fukuda, M. and Masai, E. Uncovering the protocatechuate 2,3-cleavage pathway genes. J. Bacteriol. 191 (2009) 6758–6768. [DOI] [PMID: 19717587]
[EC 1.2.1.85 created 2012]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.95     
Accepted name: L-2-aminoadipate reductase
Reaction: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + NADP+ + AMP + diphosphate = L-2-aminoadipate + NADPH + H+ + ATP (overall reaction)
(1a) L-2-aminoadipyl-[LYS2 peptidyl-carrier-protein] + AMP + diphosphate = L-2-aminoadipate + holo-[LYS2 peptidyl-carrier-protein] + ATP
(1b) (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate + holo-[LYS2 peptidyl-carrier-protein] + NADP+ = L-2-aminoadipyl-[LYS2 peptidyl-carrier-protein] + NADPH + H+
Glossary: L-2-aminoadipate = (2S)-2-aminohexanedioate
Other name(s): LYS2; α-aminoadipate reductase
Systematic name: (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (ATP-forming)
Comments: This enzyme, characterized from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, catalyses the reduction of L-2-aminoadipate to (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate during L-lysine biosynthesis. An adenylation domain activates the substrate at the expense of ATP hydrolysis, and forms L-2-aminoadipate adenylate, which is attached to a peptidyl-carrier protein (PCP) domain. Binding of NADPH results in reductive cleavage of the acyl-S-enzyme intermediate, releasing (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate. Different from EC 1.2.1.31, L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, which catalyses a similar transformation in the opposite direction without ATP hydrolysis.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Ehmann, D.E., Gehring, A.M. and Walsh, C.T. Lysine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: mechanism of α-aminoadipate reductase (Lys2) involves posttranslational phosphopantetheinylation by Lys5. Biochemistry 38 (1999) 6171–6177. [DOI] [PMID: 10320345]
[EC 1.2.1.95 created 2015]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.98     
Accepted name: 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanal dehydrogenase
Reaction: 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanal + NAD+ + H2O = 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + NADH + H+
Other name(s): mpdC (gene name)
Systematic name: 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: This bacterial enzyme is involved in the degradation pathways of the alkene 2-methylpropene and the fuel additive tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE), a widely occurring groundwater contaminant.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Lopes Ferreira, N., Labbe, D., Monot, F., Fayolle-Guichard, F. and Greer, C.W. Genes involved in the methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) metabolic pathway of Mycobacterium austroafricanum IFP 2012. Microbiology 152 (2006) 1361–1374. [DOI] [PMID: 16622053]
[EC 1.2.1.98 created 2016]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.104     
Accepted name: pyruvate dehydrogenase system
Reaction: pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH
Other name(s): pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; PDH
Systematic name: pyruvate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating)
Comments: The pyruvate dehydrogenase system (PDH) is a large enzyme complex that belongs to the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase system family, which also includes EC 1.2.1.25, branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase system, EC 1.2.1.105, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase system, EC 1.4.1.27, glycine cleavage system, and EC 2.3.1.190, acetoin dehydrogenase system. With the exception of the glycine cleavage system, which contains 4 components, the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase systems share a common structure, consisting of three main components, namely a 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase (E1), a dihydrolipoamide acyltransferase (E2), and a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The reaction catalysed by this system is the sum of three activities: EC 1.2.4.1, pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) (E1), EC 2.3.1.12, dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase (E2), and EC 1.8.1.4, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3). The mammalian system also includes E3 binding protein, which is involved in the interaction between the E2 and E3 subunits.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Reed, L.J., Pettit, F.H., Eley, M.H., Hamilton, L., Collins, J.H. and Oliver, R.M. Reconstitution of the Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72 (1975) 3068–3072. [DOI] [PMID: 1103138]
2.  Bates, D.L., Danson, M.J., Hale, G., Hooper, E.A. and Perham, R.N. Self-assembly and catalytic activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli. Nature 268 (1977) 313–316. [DOI] [PMID: 329143]
3.  Stanley, C.J., Packman, L.C., Danson, M.J., Henderson, C.E. and Perham, R.N. Intramolecular coupling of active sites in the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes from bacterial and mammalian sources. Biochem. J. 195 (1981) 715–721. [DOI] [PMID: 7032507]
4.  Yang, H.C., Hainfeld, J.F., Wall, J.S. and Frey, P.A. Quaternary structure of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 260 (1985) 16049–16051. [PMID: 3905803]
5.  Patel, M.S. and Roche, T.E. Molecular biology and biochemistry of pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes. FASEB J. 4 (1990) 3224–3233. [DOI] [PMID: 2227213]
[EC 1.2.1.104 created 2020]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.105     
Accepted name: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase system
Reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + CoA + NAD+ = succinyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH
Other name(s): 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Systematic name: 2-oxoglutarate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-succinylating)
Comments: The 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase system is a large enzyme complex that belongs to the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase system family, which also includes EC 1.2.1.25, branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase system, EC 1.2.1.104, pyruvate dehydrogenase system, EC 1.4.1.27, glycine cleavage system, and EC 2.3.1.190, acetoin dehydrogenase system. With the exception of the glycine cleavage system, which contains 4 components, the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase systems share a common structure, consisting of three main components, namely a 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase (E1), a dihydrolipoamide acyltransferase (E2), and a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). This enzyme system converts 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and produces NADH and CO2 in a complicated series of irreversible reactions. The reaction catalysed by this system is the sum of three activities: EC 1.2.4.2, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring) (E1), EC 2.3.1.61, dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase (E2) and EC 1.8.1.4, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Robien, M.A., Clore, G.M., Omichinski, J.G., Perham, R.N., Appella, E., Sakaguchi, K. and Gronenborn, A.M. Three-dimensional solution structure of the E3-binding domain of the dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase core from the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 31 (1992) 3463–3471. [DOI] [PMID: 1554728]
2.  Knapp, J.E., Mitchell, D.T., Yazdi, M.A., Ernst, S.R., Reed, L.J. and Hackert, M.L. Crystal structure of the truncated cubic core component of the Escherichia coli 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. J. Mol. Biol. 280 (1998) 655–668. [DOI] [PMID: 9677295]
3.  Reed, L.J. A trail of research from lipoic acid to α-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 38329–38336. [DOI] [PMID: 11477096]
4.  Murphy, G.E. and Jensen, G.J. Electron cryotomography of the E. coli pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. Structure 13 (2005) 1765–1773. [DOI] [PMID: 16338405]
5.  Frank, R.A., Price, A.J., Northrop, F.D., Perham, R.N. and Luisi, B.F. Crystal structure of the E1 component of the Escherichia coli 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. J. Mol. Biol. 368 (2007) 639–651. [DOI] [PMID: 17367808]
6.  Bunik, V.I. and Degtyarev, D. Structure-function relationships in the 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase family: substrate-specific signatures and functional predictions for the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase-like proteins. Proteins 71 (2008) 874–890. [DOI] [PMID: 18004749]
7.  Shim da, J., Nemeria, N.S., Balakrishnan, A., Patel, H., Song, J., Wang, J., Jordan, F. and Farinas, E.T. Assignment of function to histidines 260 and 298 by engineering the E1 component of the Escherichia coli 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; substitutions that lead to acceptance of substrates lacking the 5-carboxyl group. Biochemistry 50 (2011) 7705–7709. [DOI] [PMID: 21809826]
[EC 1.2.1.105 created 2020]
 
 
EC 1.2.1.107     
Accepted name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (arsenate-transferring)
Reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + arsenate + NAD+ = 1-arsono-3-phospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+
Glossary: 1-arsono-3-phosphoglycerate = [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-phosphopropanoyl]oxyarsonate
Systematic name: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (arsenate-transferring)
Comments: The enzyme, discovered in bacteria, is very similar to EC 1.2.1.12, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating). However, the gene encoding it is located in arsenic resistance islands in the chromosome, next to a gene (arsJ) that encodes a transporter that removes the product, 1-arsono-3-phosphoglycerate, from the cell. Together the two proteins form an arsenic detoxification system.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Chen, J., Yoshinaga, M., Garbinski, L.D. and Rosen, B.P. Synergistic interaction of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ArsJ, a novel organoarsenical efflux permease, confers arsenate resistance. Mol. Microbiol. 100 (2016) 945–953. [DOI] [PMID: 26991003]
2.  Wu, S., Wang, L., Gan, R., Tong, T., Bian, H., Li, Z., Du, S., Deng, Z. and Chen, S. Signature arsenic detoxification pathways in Halomonas sp. strain GFAJ-1. mBio 9 (2018) . [DOI] [PMID: 29717010]
[EC 1.2.1.107 created 2021]
 
 
EC 1.2.2.2      
Deleted entry: pyruvate dehydrogenase (cytochrome). Now covered by EC 1.2.5.1, pyruvate dehydrogenase (quinone)
[EC 1.2.2.2 created 1961, deleted 2010]
 
 
EC 1.2.3.3     
Accepted name: pyruvate oxidase
Reaction: pyruvate + phosphate + O2 = acetyl phosphate + CO2 + H2O2
Glossary: thiamine diphosphate = 3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-diphosphoethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazolium
Other name(s): pyruvic oxidase; phosphate-dependent pyruvate oxidase
Systematic name: pyruvate:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)
Comments: A flavoprotein (FAD) requiring thiamine diphosphate. Two reducing equivalents are transferred from the resonant carbanion/enamine forms of 2-hydroxyethyl-thiamine-diphosphate to the adjacent flavin cofactor, yielding 2-acetyl-thiamine diphosphate (AcThDP) and reduced flavin. FADH2 is reoxidized by O2 to yield H2O2 and FAD and AcThDP is cleaved phosphorolytically to acetyl phosphate and thiamine diphosphate [2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9001-96-1
References:
1.  Williams, F.R. and Hager, L.P. Crystalline flavin pyruvate oxidase from Escherichia coli. I. Isolation and properties of the flavoprotein. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 116 (1966) 168–176. [PMID: 5336022]
2.  Tittmann, K., Wille, G., Golbik, R., Weidner, A., Ghisla, S. and Hübner, G. Radical phosphate transfer mechanism for the thiamin diphosphate- and FAD-dependent pyruvate oxidase from Lactobacillus plantarum. Kinetic coupling of intercofactor electron transfer with phosphate transfer to acetyl-thiamin diphosphate via a transient FAD semiquinone/hydroxyethyl-ThDP radical pair. Biochemistry 44 (2005) 13291–13303. [DOI] [PMID: 16201755]
[EC 1.2.3.3 created 1961]
 
 
EC 1.2.3.7     
Accepted name: indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase
Reaction: (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + H2O + O2 = (indol-3-yl)acetate + H2O2
Other name(s): indoleacetaldehyde oxidase; IAAld oxidase; AO1; indole-3-acetaldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A hemoprotein. This enzyme is an isoform of aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1). It has a preference for aldehydes having an indole-ring structure as substrate [6,7]. It may play a role in plant hormone biosynthesis as its activity is higher in the auxin-overproducing mutant, super-root1, than in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana [7]. While (indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde is the preferred substrate, it also oxidizes indole-3-carbaldehyde and acetaldehyde, but more slowly. The enzyme from maize contains FAD, iron and molybdenum [4].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 66082-22-2
References:
1.  Bower, P.J., Brown, H.M. and Purves, W.K. Cucumber seedling indoleacetaldehyde oxidase. Plant Physiol. 61 (1978) 107–110. [PMID: 16660220]
2.  Miyata, S., Suzuki, Y., Kamisaka, S. and Masuda, Y. Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase of pea-seedlings. Physiol. Plant. 51 (1981) 402–406.
3.  Rajagopal, R. Metabolism of indole-3-acetaldehyde. III. Some characteristics of the aldehyde oxidase of Avena coleoptiles. Physiol. Plant. 24 (1971) 272–281.
4.  Koshiba, T., Saito, E., Ono, N., Yamamoto, N. and Sato, M. Purification and properties of flavin- and molybdenum-containing aldehyde oxidase from coleoptiles of maize. Plant Physiol. 110 (1996) 781–789. [PMID: 12226218]
5.  Koshiba, T. and Matsuyama, H. An in vitro system of indole-3-acetic acid formation from tryptophan in maize (Zea mays) coleoptile extracts. Plant Physiol. 102 (1993) 1319–1324. [PMID: 12231908]
6.  Sekimoto, H., Seo, M., Kawakami, N., Komano, T., Desloire, S., Liotenberg, S., Marion-Poll, A., Caboche, M., Kamiya, Y. and Koshiba, T. Molecular cloning and characterization of aldehyde oxidases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 39 (1998) 433–442. [PMID: 9615466]
7.  Seo, M., Akaba, S., Oritani, T., Delarue, M., Bellini, C., Caboche, M. and Koshiba, T. Higher activity of an aldehyde oxidase in the auxin-overproducing superroot1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 116 (1998) 687–693. [PMID: 9489015]
[EC 1.2.3.7 created 1984, modified 2004, modified 2006]
 
 
EC 1.2.4.1     
Accepted name: pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)
Reaction: pyruvate + [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] lipoyllysine = [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] S-acetyldihydrolipoyllysine + CO2
For diagram of oxo-acid dehydrogenase complexes, click here
Glossary: dihydrolipoyl group
thiamine diphosphate = 3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-diphosphoethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazolium
Other name(s): pyruvate decarboxylase (ambiguous); pyruvate dehydrogenase (ambiguous); pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide); pyruvate:lipoamide 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-acetylating); pyruvic acid dehydrogenase; pyruvic dehydrogenase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: pyruvate:[dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase]-lipoyllysine 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, acceptor-acetylating)
Comments: Contains thiamine diphosphate. It is a component (in multiple copies) of the multienzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, EC 1.2.1.104, in which it is bound to a core of molecules of EC 2.3.1.12, dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase, which also binds multiple copies of EC 1.8.1.4, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. It does not act on free lipoamide or lipoyllysine, but only on the lipoyllysine residue in EC 2.3.1.12.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9014-20-4
References:
1.  Ochoa, S. Enzymic mechanisms in the citric acid cycle. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Subj. Biochem. 15 (1954) 183–270. [PMID: 13158180]
2.  Scriba, P. and Holzer, H. Gewinnung von αHydroxyäthyl-2-thiaminpyrophosphat mit Pyruvatoxydase aus Schweineherzmuskel. Biochem. Z. 334 (1961) 473–486. [PMID: 13749426]
3.  Perham, R.N. Swinging arms and swinging domains in multifunctional enzymes: catalytic machines for multistep reactions. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69 (2000) 961–1004. [DOI] [PMID: 10966480]
[EC 1.2.4.1 created 1961, modified 2003]
 
 
EC 1.2.4.2     
Accepted name: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring)
Reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase] lipoyllysine = [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase] S-succinyldihydrolipoyllysine + CO2
For diagram of the citric acid cycle, click here and for diagram of oxo-acid dehydrogenase complexes, click here
Glossary: dihydrolipoyl group
thiamine diphosphate = 3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-diphosphoethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazolium
Other name(s): 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; 2-oxoglutarate: lipoate oxidoreductase; 2-oxoglutarate:lipoamide 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-succinylating); α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; alphaketoglutaric acid dehydrogenase; α-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase; α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; AKGDH; OGDC; ketoglutaric dehydrogenase; oxoglutarate decarboxylase (misleading); oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)
Systematic name: 2-oxoglutarate:[dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase]-lipoyllysine 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, acceptor-succinylating)
Comments: Contains thiamine diphosphate. It is a component of the multienzyme 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, EC 1.2.1.105, in which multiple copies of it are bound to a core of molecules of EC 2.3.1.61, dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase, which also binds multiple copies of EC 1.8.1.4, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. It does not act on free lipoamide or lipoyllysine, but only on the lipoyllysine residue in EC 2.3.1.61.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9031-02-1
References:
1.  Massey, V. The composition of the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 38 (1960) 447–460. [DOI] [PMID: 14422131]
2.  Ochoa, S. Enzymic mechanisms in the citric acid cycle. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Subj. Biochem. 15 (1954) 183–270. [PMID: 13158180]
3.  Sanadi, D.R., Littlefield, J.W. and Bock, R.M. Studies on α-ketoglutaric oxidase. II. Purification and properties. J. Biol. Chem. 197 (1952) 851–862. [PMID: 12981117]
4.  Perham, R.N. Swinging arms and swinging domains in multifunctional enzymes: catalytic machines for multistep reactions. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69 (2000) 961–1004. [DOI] [PMID: 10966480]
[EC 1.2.4.2 created 1961, modified 1980, modified 1986, modified 2003]
 
 
EC 1.2.4.3      
Deleted entry:  2-oxoisocaproate dehydrogenase. Now included with EC 1.2.4.4, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring)
[EC 1.2.4.3 created 1972, deleted 1978]
 
 
EC 1.2.4.4     
Accepted name: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring)
Reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase] lipoyllysine = [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase] S-(2-methylpropanoyl)dihydrolipoyllysine + CO2
For diagram of oxo-acid-dehydrogenase complexes, click here
Glossary: dihydrolipoyl group
thiamine diphosphate = 3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-diphosphoethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazolium
Other name(s): 2-oxoisocaproate dehydrogenase; 2-oxoisovalerate (lipoate) dehydrogenase; 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (lipoamide); 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:lipoamide oxidoreductase (decarboxylating and acceptor-2-methylpropanoylating); α-keto-α-methylvalerate dehydrogenase; α-ketoisocaproate dehydrogenase; α-ketoisocaproic dehydrogenase; α-ketoisocaproic-α-keto-α-methylvaleric dehydrogenase; α-ketoisovalerate dehydrogenase; α-oxoisocaproate dehydrogenase; BCKDH (ambiguous); BCOAD; branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase; branched-chain (-2-oxoacid) dehydrogenase (BCD); branched-chain 2-keto acid dehydrogenase; branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase; branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase; branched-chain α-oxo acid dehydrogenase; branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase; branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase; dehydrogenase, 2-oxoisovalerate (lipoate); dehydrogenase, branched chain α-keto acid
Systematic name: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate:[dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase]-lipoyllysine 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, acceptor-2-methylpropanoylating)
Comments: Contains thiamine diphosphate. It acts not only on 3-methyl-2-oxobutanaoate, but also on 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate and (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, so that it acts on the 2-oxo acids that derive from the action of transaminases on valine, leucine and isoleucine. It is a component of the multienzyme 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase complex in which multiple copies of it are bound to a core of molecules of EC 2.3.1.168, dihydrolipoyllysine-residue (2-methylpropanoyl)transferase, which also binds multiple copies of EC 1.8.1.4, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. It does not act on free lipoamide or lipoyllysine, but only on the lipoyllysine residue in EC 2.3.1.168.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9082-72-8
References:
1.  Bowden, J.A. and Connelly, J.L. Branched chain α-keto acid metabolism. II. Evidence for the common identity of α-ketoisocaproic acid and α-keto-β-methyl-valeric acid dehydrogenases. J. Biol. Chem. 243 (1968) 3526–3531. [PMID: 5656388]
2.  Connelly, J.L., Danner, D.J. and Bowden, J.A. Branched chain α-keto acid metabolism. I. Isolation, purification, and partial characterization of bovine liver α-ketoisocaproic:α-keto-β-methylvaleric acid dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 243 (1968) 1198–1203. [PMID: 5689906]
3.  Danner, D.J., Lemmon, S.K., Beharse, J.C. and Elsas, L.J., II Purification and characterization of branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase from bovine liver mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 254 (1979) 5522–5526. [PMID: 447664]
4.  Pettit, F.H., Yeaman, S.J. and Reed, L.J. Purification and characterization of branched chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex of bovine kidney. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75 (1978) 4881–4885. [DOI] [PMID: 283398]
5.  Perham, R.N. Swinging arms and swinging domains in multifunctional enzymes: catalytic machines for multistep reactions. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69 (2000) 961–1004. [DOI] [PMID: 10966480]
[EC 1.2.4.4 created 1972 (EC 1.2.4.3 created 1972, incorporated 1978), modified 2003]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.1     
Accepted name: pyruvate synthase
Reaction: pyruvate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
For diagram of the 3-hydroxypropanoate/4-hydroxybutanoate cycle and dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutanoate cycle in archaea, click here
Other name(s): pyruvate oxidoreductase; pyruvate synthetase; pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase; pyruvic-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-oxobutyrate synthase; α-ketobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-ketobutyrate synthase; α-ketobutyrate synthase; 2-oxobutyrate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-propionylating); 2-oxobutanoate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-propanoylating)
Systematic name: pyruvate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating)
Comments: Contains thiamine diphosphate and [4Fe-4S] clusters. The enzyme also decarboxylates 2-oxobutyrate with lower efficiency, but shows no activity with 2-oxoglutarate. This enzyme is a member of the 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases, a family of enzymes that oxidatively decarboxylate different 2-oxoacids to form their CoA derivatives, and are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. For examples of other members of this family, see EC 1.2.7.3, 2-oxoglutarate synthase and EC 1.2.7.7, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9082-51-3
References:
1.  Evans, M.C.W. and Buchanan, B.B. Photoreduction of ferredoxin and its use in carbon dioxide fixation by a subcellular system from a photosynthetic bacterium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 53 (1965) 1420–1425. [DOI] [PMID: 5217644]
2.  Gehring, U. and Arnon, D.I. Purification and properties of α-ketoglutarate synthase from a photosynthetic bacterium. J. Biol. Chem. 247 (1972) 6963–6969. [PMID: 4628267]
3.  Uyeda, K. and Rabinowitz, J.C. Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase. 3. Purification and properties of the enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 246 (1971) 3111–3119. [PMID: 5574389]
4.  Uyeda, K. and Rabinowitz, J.C. Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase. IV. Studies on the reaction mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 246 (1971) 3120–3125. [PMID: 4324891]
5.  Charon, M.-H., Volbeda, A., Chabriere, E., Pieulle, L. and Fontecilla-Camps, J.C. Structure and electron transfer mechanism of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 9 (1999) 663–669. [DOI] [PMID: 10607667]
[EC 1.2.7.1 created 1972, modified 2003, modified 2013]
 
 
EC 1.2.7.3     
Accepted name: 2-oxoglutarate synthase
Reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = succinyl-CoA + CO2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
Other name(s): 2-ketoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase; KGOR; 2-oxoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase; 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-succinylating)
Systematic name: 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: The enzyme contains thiamine diphosphate and two [4Fe-4S] clusters. Highly specific for 2-oxoglutarate. This enzyme is a member of the 2-oxoacid oxidoreductases, a family of enzymes that oxidatively decarboxylate different 2-oxoacids to form their CoA derivatives, and are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. For examples of other members of this family, see EC 1.2.7.1, pyruvate synthase and EC 1.2.7.7, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 37251-05-1
References:
1.  Buchanan, B.B. and Evans, M.C.W. The synthesis of α-ketoglutarate from succinate and carbon dioxide by a subcellular preparation of a photosynthetic bacterium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 54 (1965) 1212–1218. [DOI] [PMID: 4286833]
2.  Gehring, U. and Arnon, D.I. Purification and properties of α-ketoglutarate synthase from a photosynthetic bacterium. J. Biol. Chem. 247 (1972) 6963–6969. [PMID: 4628267]
3.  Dorner, E. and Boll, M. Properties of 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Thauera aromatica and its role in enzymatic reduction of the aromatic ring. J. Bacteriol. 184 (2002) 3975–3983. [DOI] [PMID: 12081970]
4.  Mai, X. and Adams, M.W. Characterization of a fourth type of 2-keto acid-oxidizing enzyme from a hyperthermophilic archaeon: 2-ketoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Thermococcus litoralis. J. Bacteriol. 178 (1996) 5890–5896. [DOI] [PMID: 8830683]
5.  Schut, G.J., Menon, A.L. and Adams, M.W.W. 2-Keto acid oxidoreductases from Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus litoralis. Methods Enzymol. 331 (2001) 144–158. [DOI] [PMID: 11265457]
[EC 1.2.7.3 created 1972, modified 2005]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.3     
Accepted name: Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase
Reaction: a 3-oxo-5β-steroid + NADP+ = a 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid + NADPH + H+
For diagram of cholesterol catabolism (rings a, B and c), click here
Other name(s): 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid 5β-reductase; 5β-reductase; androstenedione 5β-reductase; cholestenone 5β-reductase; cortisone 5β-reductase; cortisone β-reductase; cortisone Δ4-5β-reductase; steroid 5β-reductase; testosterone 5β-reductase; Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5β-reductase; Δ4-5β-reductase; Δ4-hydrogenase; 4,5β-dihydrocortisone:NADP+ Δ4-oxidoreductase; 3-oxo-5β-steroid:NADP+ Δ4-oxidoreductase; 5β-cholestan-3-one:NADP+ 4,5-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: 3-oxo-5β-steroid:NADP+ 4,5-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme from human efficiently catalyses the reduction of progesterone, androstenedione, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone to 5β-reduced metabolites; it can also act on aldosterone, corticosterone and cortisol, but to a lesser extent [8]. The bile acid intermediates 7α,12α-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one can also act as substrates [9].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9029-08-7
References:
1.  Forchielli, E. and Dorfman, R.I. Separation of Δ4-5α- and Δ4-5β-hydrogenases from rat liver homogenates. J. Biol. Chem. 223 (1956) 443–448. [PMID: 13376613]
2.  Brown-Grant, K., Forchielli, E. and Dorfman, R.I. The Δ4-hydrogenases of guinea pig adrenal gland. J. Biol. Chem. 235 (1960) 1317–1320. [PMID: 13805063]
3.  Levy, H.R. and Talalay, P. Enzymatic introduction of double bonds into steroid ring A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (1957) 2658–2659. [DOI]
4.  Tomkins, G.M. The enzymatic reduction of Δ4-3-ketosteroids. J. Biol. Chem. 225 (1957) 13–24. [PMID: 13416214]
5.  Sugimoto, Y., Yoshida, M. and Tamaoki, B. Purification of 5β-reductase from hepatic cytosol fraction of chicken. J. Steroid Biochem. 37 (1990) 717–724. [PMID: 2278855]
6.  Furuebisu, M., Deguchi, S. and Okuda, K. Identification of cortisone 5β-reductase as Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5β-reductase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 912 (1987) 110–114. [DOI] [PMID: 3828348]
7.  Okuda, A. and Okuda, K. Purification and characterization of Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5β-reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 7519–7524. [PMID: 6736016]
8.  Charbonneau, A. and The, V.L. Genomic organization of a human 5β-reductase and its pseudogene and substrate selectivity of the expressed enzyme. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1517 (2001) 228–235. [DOI] [PMID: 11342103]
9.  Kondo, K.H., Kai, M.H., Setoguchi, Y., Eggertsen, G., Sjöblom, P., Setoguchi, T., Okuda, K.I. and Björkhem, I. Cloning and expression of cDNA of human Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase and substrate specificity of the expressed enzyme. Eur. J. Biochem. 219 (1994) 357–363. [PMID: 7508385]
[EC 1.3.1.3 created 1961 (EC 1.3.1.23 created 1972, incorporated 2005), modified 2005]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.21     
Accepted name: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase
Reaction: cholesterol + NADP+ = cholesta-5,7-dien-3β-ol + NADPH + H+
For diagram of sterol ring b, c, D modification, click here
Other name(s): DHCR7 (gene name); 7-DHC reductase; 7-dehydrocholesterol dehydrogenase/cholesterol oxidase; Δ7-sterol reductase
Systematic name: cholesterol:NADP+ Δ7-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme is part of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 9080-21-1
References:
1.  Dempsey, M.E., Seaton, J.D., Schroepfer, G.J. and Trockman, R.W. The intermediary role of Δ5,7-cholestadien-3β-ol in cholesterol biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 239 (1964) 1381–1387. [PMID: 14189869]
2.  Moebius, F.F., Fitzky, B.U., Lee, J.N., Paik, Y.K. and Glossmann, H. Molecular cloning and expression of the human Δ7-sterol reductase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 1899–1902. [DOI] [PMID: 9465114]
[EC 1.3.1.21 created 1972, modified 2013]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.22     
Accepted name: 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Reaction: a 3-oxo-5α-steroid + NADP+ = a 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): cholestenone 5α-reductase; testosterone Δ4-5α-reductase; steroid 5α-reductase; 3-oxosteroid Δ4-dehydrogenase; 5α-reductase; steroid 5α-hydrogenase; 3-oxosteroid 5α-reductase; testosterone Δ4-hydrogenase; 4-ene-3-oxosteroid 5α-reductase; reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate:Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5α-oxidoreductase; 4-ene-5α-reductase; Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5α-oxidoreductase; cholest-4-en-3-one 5α-reductase; testosterone 5α-reductase; 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase
Systematic name: 3-oxo-5α-steroid:NADP+ Δ4-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses the conversion of assorted 3-oxo-Δ4 steroids into their corresponding 5α form. Substrates for the mammalian enzyme include testosterone, progesterone, and corticosterone. Substrates for the plant enzyme are brassinosteroids such as campest-4-en-3-one and (22α)-hydroxy-campest-4-en-3-one. cf. EC 1.3.99.5, 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (acceptor).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 37255-34-8
References:
1.  Levy, H.R. and Talalay, P. Bacterial oxidation of steroids. II. Studies on the enzymatic mechanisms of ring A dehydrogenation. J. Biol. Chem. 234 (1959) 2014–2021. [PMID: 13673006]
2.  Shefer, S., Hauser, S. and Mosbach, E.H. Studies on the biosynthesis of 5α-cholestan-3β-ol. I. Cholestenone 5α-reductase of rat liver. J. Biol. Chem. 241 (1966) 946–952. [PMID: 5907469]
3.  Cheng, Y.-J. and Karavolas, H.J. Properties and subcellular distribution of Δ4-steroid (progesterone) 5α-reductase in rat anterior pituitary. Steroids 26 (1975) 57–71. [DOI] [PMID: 1166484]
4.  Sargent, N.S. and Habib, F.K. Partial purification of human prostatic 5α-reductase (3-oxo-5α-steroid:NADP+ 4-ene-oxido-reductase; EC 1.3.1.22) in a stable and active form. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 38 (1991) 73–77. [DOI] [PMID: 1705142]
5.  Quemener, E., Amet, Y., di Stefano, S., Fournier, G., Floch, H.H. and Abalain, J.H. Purification of testosterone 5α-reductase from human prostate by a four-step chromatographic procedure. Steroids 59 (1994) 712–718. [DOI] [PMID: 7900170]
6.  Poletti, A., Celotti, F., Rumio, C., Rabuffetti, M. and Martini, L. Identification of type 1 5α-reductase in myelin membranes of male and female rat brain. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 129 (1997) 181–190. [DOI] [PMID: 9202401]
7.  Li, J., Biswas, M.G., Chao, A., Russell, D.W. and Chory, J. Conservation of function between mammalian and plant steroid 5α-reductases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 3554–3559. [DOI] [PMID: 9108014]
8.  Rosati, F., Bardazzi, I., De Blasi, P., Simi, L., Scarpi, D., Guarna, A., Serio, M., Racchi, M.L. and Danza, G. 5α-Reductase activity in Lycopersicon esculentum: cloning and functional characterization of LeDET2 and evidence of the presence of two isoenzymes. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 96 (2005) 287–299. [DOI] [PMID: 15993049]
[EC 1.3.1.22 created 1972, modified 2012]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.33     
Accepted name: protochlorophyllide reductase
Reaction: chlorophyllide a + NADP+ = protochlorophyllide + NADPH + H+
For diagram of chlorophyll biosynthesis (later stages), click here
Other name(s): NADPH2-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase; NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase; NADPH-protochlorophyllide reductase; protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (ambiguous); protochlorophyllide photooxidoreductase; light-dependent protochlorophyllide reductase
Systematic name: chlorophyllide-a:NADP+ 7,8-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses a light-dependent trans-reduction of the D-ring of protochlorophyllide; the product has the (7S,8S)-configuration.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 68518-04-7
References:
1.  Apel, K., Santel, H.-J., Redlinger, T.E. and Falk, H. The protochlorophyllide holochrome of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Isolation and characterization of the NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. Eur. J. Biochem. 111 (1980) 251–258. [DOI] [PMID: 7439188]
2.  Griffiths, W.T. Reconstitution of chlorophyllide formation by isolated etioplast membranes. Biochem. J. 174 (1978) 681–692. [PMID: 31865]
[EC 1.3.1.33 created 1984]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.40     
Accepted name: 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate reductase
Reaction: 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexanoate + NADP+ = 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate + NADPH + H+
Other name(s): 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) reductase
Systematic name: 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexanoate:NADP+ Δ2-oxidoreductase
Comments: Broad specificity; reduces a number of compounds produced by Pseudomonas from aromatic hydrocarbons by ring fission.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 104645-83-2
References:
1.  Omori, T., Ishigooka, H. and Minoda, Y. Purification and some properties of 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoic acid(HOPDA) reducing enzyme from Pseudomonas cruciviae S93B1 involved in the degradation of biphenyl. Agric. Biol. Chem. 50 (1986) 1513–1518.
[EC 1.3.1.40 created 1989]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.42     
Accepted name: 12-oxophytodienoate reductase
Reaction: (9S,13S,15Z)-12-oxo-10,11-dihydrophyto-15-enoate + NADP+ = (9S,13S,15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate + NADPH + H+
Glossary: (9S,13S,15Z)-12-oxo-10,11-dihydrophyto-15-enoate = 8-[(1S,2S)-3-oxo-2-{(Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl}cyclopentyl]octanoate
Other name(s): 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase; 8-[(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-{(Z)-pent-2-enyl}cyclopentyl]octanoate:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase; (9S,13S)-10,11-dihydro-12-oxo-15-phytoenoate:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase; (9S,13S)-12-oxophyto-15-enoate:NADP+ 10-oxidoreductase
Systematic name: (9S,13S,15Z)-12-oxo-10,11-dihydrophyto-15-enoate:NADP+ 10-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme catalyses the reduction of (9S,13S,15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate during the biosynthesis of jasmonate from α-linolenate in Zea mays.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 101150-03-2
References:
1.  Vick, B.A. and Zimmerman, D.C. Characterization of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase in corn - the jasmonic acid pathway. Plant Physiol. 80 (1986) 202–205. [PMID: 16664582]
2.  Schaller, F., Biesgen, C., Mussig, C., Altmann, T. and Weiler, E.W. 12-Oxophytodienoate reductase 3 (OPR3) is the isoenzyme involved in jasmonate biosynthesis. Planta 210 (2000) 979–984. [DOI] [PMID: 10872231]
[EC 1.3.1.42 created 1989]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.52      
Transferred entry: 2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA reductase. Now EC 1.3.8.5, 2-methyl-branched-chain-enoyl-CoA reductase
[EC 1.3.1.52 created 1992, deleted 2012]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.70     
Accepted name: Δ14-sterol reductase
Reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-5α-cholesta-8,24-dien-3β-ol + NADP+ = 4,4-dimethyl-5α-cholesta-8,14,24-trien-3β-ol + NADPH + H+
For diagram of the modification of sterol rings B, C and D, click here
Systematic name: 4,4-dimethyl-5α-cholesta-8,24-dien-3β-ol:NADP+ Δ14-oxidoreductase
Comments: This enzyme acts on a range of steroids with a 14(15)-double bond.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 69403-07-2
References:
1.  Bottema, C.K. and Parks, L.W. Δ14-Sterol reductase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 531 (1978) 301–307. [DOI] [PMID: 32908]
2.  Paik, Y.K., Trzaskos, J.M., Shafice, A. and Gaylor, J.L. Microsomal enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis from lanosterol. Characterization, solubilization, and partial purification of NADPH-dependent Δ8,14-steroid 14-reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 13413–13423. [PMID: 6444198]
[EC 1.3.1.70 created 2001]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.77     
Accepted name: anthocyanidin reductase [(2R,3R)-flavan-3-ol-forming]
Reaction: a (2R,3R)-flavan-3-ol + 2 NAD(P)+ = an anthocyanidin with a 3-hydroxy group + 2 NAD(P)H + H+
For diagram of anthocyanin biosynthesis, click here
Other name(s): ANR (gene name) (ambiguous); flavan-3-ol:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase; anthocyanidin reductase (ambiguous)
Systematic name: (2R,3R)-flavan-3-ol:NAD(P)+ 3,4-oxidoreductase
Comments: The enzyme participates in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway found in plants. It catalyses the double reduction of anthocyanidins, producing (2R,3R)-flavan-3-ol monomers required for the formation of proanthocyanidins. While the enzyme from the legume Medicago truncatula (MtANR) can use both NADPH and NADH as reductant, that from the crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana (AtANR) uses only NADPH. Also, while the substrate preference of MtANR is cyanidin>pelargonidin>delphinidin, the reverse preference is found with AtANR. cf. EC 1.3.1.112, anthocyanidin reductase [(2S)-flavan-3-ol-forming].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 93389-48-1
References:
1.  Xie, D.Y., Sharma, S.B., Paiva, N.L., Ferreira, D. and Dixon, R.A. Role of anthocyanidin reductase, encoded by BANYULS in plant flavonoid biosynthesis. Science 299 (2003) 396–399. [DOI] [PMID: 12532018]
2.  Xie, D.Y., Sharma, S.B. and Dixon, R.A. Anthocyanidin reductases from Medicago truncatula and Arabidopsis thaliana. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 422 (2004) 91–102. [DOI] [PMID: 14725861]
3.  Pang, Y., Abeysinghe, I.S., He, J., He, X., Huhman, D., Mewan, K.M., Sumner, L.W., Yun, J. and Dixon, R.A. Functional characterization of proanthocyanidin pathway enzymes from tea and their application for metabolic engineering. Plant Physiol. 161 (2013) 1103–1116. [DOI] [PMID: 23288883]
[EC 1.3.1.77 created 2004, modified 2016]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.78     
Accepted name: arogenate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Reaction: L-arogenate + NADP+ = L-tyrosine + NADPH + CO2
For diagram of phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: L-arogenate = 1-[(2S)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]-4-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1-carboxylate
Other name(s): arogenic dehydrogenase (ambiguous); pretyrosine dehydrogenase (ambiguous); TyrAAT1; TyrAAT2; TyrAa
Systematic name: L-arogenate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: Arogenate dehydrogenases may utilize NAD+ (EC 1.3.1.43), NADP+ (EC 1.3.1.78), or both (EC 1.3.1.79). NADP+-dependent enzymes usually predominate in higher plants.The enzyme from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and the TyrAAT1 isoform of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana cannot use prephenate as a substrate, while the Arabidopsis isoform TyrAAT2 can use it very poorly [2,3].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, CAS registry number: 64295-75-6
References:
1.  Gaines, C.G., Byng, G.S., Whitaker, R.J. and Jensen, R.A. L-Tyrosine regulation and biosynthesis via arogenate dehydrogenase in suspension-cultured cells of Nicotiana silvestris Speg. et Comes. Planta 156 (1982) 233–240. [PMID: 24272471]
2.  Rippert, P. and Matringe, M. Purification and kinetic analysis of the two recombinant arogenate dehydrogenase isoforms of Arabidopsis thaliana. Eur. J. Biochem. 269 (2002) 4753–4761. [DOI] [PMID: 12354106]
3.  Bonner, C.A., Jensen, R.A., Gander, J.E. and Keyhani, N.O. A core catalytic domain of the TyrA protein family: arogenate dehydrogenase from Synechocystis. Biochem. J. 382 (2004) 279–291. [DOI] [PMID: 15171683]
[EC 1.3.1.78 created 2005]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.80      
Transferred entry: red chlorophyll catabolite reductase. Now classified as EC 1.3.7.12, red chlorophyll catabolite reductase
[EC 1.3.1.80 created 2007, deleted 2016]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.81     
Accepted name: (+)-pulegone reductase
Reaction: (1) (–)-menthone + NADP+ = (+)-pulegone + NADPH + H+
(2) (+)-isomenthone + NADP+ = (+)-pulegone + NADPH + H+
For diagram of menthol biosynthesis, click here
Systematic name: (–)-menthone:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: NADH cannot replace NADPH as reductant. The Δ8,9-double bond of (+)-cis-isopulegone and the Δ1,2-double bond of (±)-piperitone are not substrates. The enzyme from peppermint (Mentha × piperita) converts (+)-pulegone into both (–)-menthone and (+)-isomenthone at a ratio of 70:30 for native enzyme but it does not catalyse the reverse reaction. This enzyme is a member of the medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Ringer, K.L., McConkey, M.E., Davis, E.M., Rushing, G.W. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene double-bond reductases of the (-)-menthol biosynthetic pathway: isolation and characterization of cDNAs encoding (-)-isopiperitenone reductase and (+)-pulegone reductase of peppermint. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 418 (2003) 80–92. [DOI] [PMID: 13679086]
[EC 1.3.1.81 created 2008]
 
 
EC 1.3.1.82     
Accepted name: (-)-isopiperitenone reductase
Reaction: (+)-cis-isopulegone + NADP+ = (-)-isopiperitenone + NADPH + H+
Systematic name: (+)-cis-isopulegone:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The reaction occurs in the opposite direction to that shown above. The enzyme participates in the menthol-biosynthesis pathway of Mentha plants. (+)-Pulegone, (+)-cis-isopulegone and (-)-menthone are not substrates. The enzyme has a preference for NADPH as the reductant, with NADH being a poor substitute [2]. The enzyme is highly regioselective for the reduction of the endocyclic 1,2-double bond, and is stereoselective, producing only the 1R-configured product. It is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Croteau, R. and Venkatachalam, K.V. Metabolism of monoterpenes: demonstration that (+)-cis-isopulegone, not piperitenone, is the key intermediate in the conversion of (-)-isopiperitenone to (+)-pulegone in peppermint (Mentha piperita). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 249 (1986) 306–315. [DOI] [PMID: 3755881]
2.  Ringer, K.L., McConkey, M.E., Davis, E.M., Rushing, G.W. and Croteau, R. Monoterpene double-bond reductases of the (-)-menthol biosynthetic pathway: isolation and characterization of cDNAs encoding (-)-isopiperitenone reductase and (+)-pulegone reductase of peppermint. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 418 (2003) 80–92. [DOI] [PMID: 13679086]
[EC 1.3.1.82 created 2008]
 
 


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