The Enzyme Database

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EC 1.14.13.183      
Transferred entry: dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase. Now EC 1.14.14.120, dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase
[EC 1.14.13.183 created 2013, deleted 2018]
 
 
EC 1.14.13.184      
Transferred entry: protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase. Now EC 1.14.14.121, protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase
[EC 1.14.13.184 created 2013, deleted 2018]
 
 
EC 1.14.14.120     
Accepted name: dammarenediol 12-hydroxylase
Reaction: dammarenediol-II + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = protopanaxadiol + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
For diagram of dammarenediol II and tirucalla-7,24-dien-3β-ol biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: dammarenediol-II = dammar-24-ene-3β,20-diol
protopanaxadiol = dammar-24-ene-3β,12β,20-triol
Other name(s): protopanaxadiol synthase; CYP716A47
Systematic name: dammarenediol-II,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (12β-hydroxylating)
Comments: A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein isolated from ginseng (Panax ginseng). Involved in the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Han, J.Y., Kim, H.J., Kwon, Y.S. and Choi, Y.E. The Cyt P450 enzyme CYP716A47 catalyzes the formation of protopanaxadiol from dammarenediol-II during ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Physiol. 52 (2011) 2062–2073. [DOI] [PMID: 22039120]
[EC 1.14.14.120 created 2013 as EC 1.14.13.183, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.120]
 
 
EC 1.14.14.121     
Accepted name: protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase
Reaction: protopanaxadiol + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = protopanaxatriol + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
For diagram of dammarenediol II and tirucalla-7,24-dien-3β-ol biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: protopanaxadiol = dammar-24-ene-3β,12β,20-triol
protopanaxatriol = dammar-24-ene-3β,6α,12β,20-tetrol
Other name(s): protopanaxatriol synthase; P6H; CYP716A53v2
Systematic name: protopanaxadiol,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (6α-hydroxylating)
Comments: A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein isolated from the rhizomes of ginseng (Panax ginseng). Involved in the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Yue, C.J., Zhou, X. and Zhong, J.J. Protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase and its role in regulating the ginsenoside heterogeneity in Panax notoginseng cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100 (2008) 933–940. [DOI] [PMID: 18351680]
2.  Han, J.Y., Hwang, H.S., Choi, S.W., Kim, H.J. and Choi, Y.E. Cytochrome P450 CYP716A53v2 catalyzes the formation of protopanaxatriol from protopanaxadiol during ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Physiol. 53 (2012) 1535–1545. [DOI] [PMID: 22875608]
[EC 1.14.14.121 created 2013 as EC 1.14.13.184, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.121]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.314     
Accepted name: ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase
Reaction: UDP-α-D-glucose + ginsenoside Rd = UDP + ginsenoside Rb1
For diagram of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides ginsenosidases, click here
Glossary: ginsenoside Rd = 20-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy-3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rb1 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
Other name(s): UDPG:ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase; UDP-glucose:ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase; UGRdGT
Systematic name: UDP-glucose:ginsenoside-Rd β-1,6-glucosyltransferase
Comments: The glucosyl group forms a 1→6 bond to the glucosyloxy moiety at C-20 of ginsenoside Rd. Isolated from sanchi ginseng (Panax notoginseng).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Yue, C.-J. and Zhong J.-J. Purification and characterization of UDPG:ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase from suspended cells of Panax notoginseng. Process Biochem. 40 (2005) 3742–3748.
[EC 2.4.1.314 created 2013]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.363     
Accepted name: ginsenoside 20-O-glucosyltransferase
Reaction: UDP-α-D-glucose + (20S)-protopanaxadiol = UDP + ginsenoside C-K
Glossary: (20S)-protopanaxadiol = (3β,12β)-dammar-24-ene-3,12,20-triol
ginsenoside C-K = (3β,12β)-3,12-dihydroxydammar-24-en-20-yl β-D-glucopyranoside
Other name(s): UGT71A27 (gene name)
Systematic name: UDP-α-D-glucose:(20S)-protopanaxadiol 20-O-glucosyltransferase (configuration-inverting)
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the plant Panax ginseng, transfers a glucosyl moiety to the free C20(S)-OH group of dammarane derivative substrates, including protopanaxatriol, dammarenediol II, (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2, and (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3. It does not act on the 20R epimer of protopanaxadiol, or on ginsenosides that are glucosylated at the C-6 position, such as ginsenoside Rh1 or ginsenoside Rg2.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Yan, X., Fan, Y., Wei, W., Wang, P., Liu, Q., Wei, Y., Zhang, L., Zhao, G., Yue, J. and Zhou, Z. Production of bioactive ginsenoside compound K in metabolically engineered yeast. Cell Res. 24 (2014) 770–773. [PMID: 24603359]
2.  Wei, W., Wang, P., Wei, Y., Liu, Q., Yang, C., Zhao, G., Yue, J., Yan, X. and Zhou, Z. Characterization of Panax ginseng UDP-glycosyltransferases catalyzing protopanaxatriol and biosyntheses of bioactive ginsenosides F1 and Rh1 in metabolically engineered yeasts. Mol. Plant 8 (2015) 1412–1424. [PMID: 26032089]
[EC 2.4.1.363 created 2019]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.364     
Accepted name: protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-glucosyltransferase
Reaction: (1) UDP-α-D-glucose + (20S)-protopanaxadiol = UDP + (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2
(2) UDP-α-D-glucose + ginsenoside C-K = UDP + ginsenoside F2
Glossary: (20S)-protopanaxadiol = (3β,12β)-dammar-24-ene-3,12,20-triol
ginsenoside C-K = (3β,12β)-3,12-dihydroxydammar-24-en-20-yl β-D-glucopyranoside
Other name(s): UGT74AE2 (gene name)
Systematic name: UDP-α-D-glucose:protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-O-glucosyltransferase (configuration-retaining)
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the plant Panax ginseng, transfers a glucosyl moiety to the free C-3-OH group of (20S)-protopanaxadiol and ginsenoside C-K.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Jung, S.C., Kim, W., Park, S.C., Jeong, J., Park, M.K., Lim, S., Lee, Y., Im, W.T., Lee, J.H., Choi, G. and Kim, S.C. Two ginseng UDP-glycosyltransferases synthesize ginsenoside Rg3 and Rd. Plant Cell Physiol. 55 (2014) 2177–2188. [PMID: 25320211]
[EC 2.4.1.364 created 2019]
 
 
EC 2.4.1.365     
Accepted name: protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside-3-O-glucoside 2′′-O-glucosyltransferase
Reaction: (1) UDP-α-D-glucose + (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 = UDP + (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3
(2) UDP-α-D-glucose + ginsenoside F2 = UDP + ginsenoside Rd
Glossary: (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 = (3β,12β)-12,20-dihydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside
ginsenoside F2 = (3β,12β)-20-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-12-hydroxydammar-24-en-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside
Other name(s): UGT94Q2 (gene name)
Systematic name: UDP-α-D-glucose:3-O-glucosyl-protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 2′′-O-glucosyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, characterized from the plant Panax ginseng, transfers a glucosyl moiety to the 2′′ position of the glucose moiety in the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside-3-O-glucosides (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 and ginsenoside F2.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Jung, S.C., Kim, W., Park, S.C., Jeong, J., Park, M.K., Lim, S., Lee, Y., Im, W.T., Lee, J.H., Choi, G. and Kim, S.C. Two ginseng UDP-glycosyltransferases synthesize ginsenoside Rg3 and Rd. Plant Cell Physiol. 55 (2014) 2177–2188. [PMID: 25320211]
[EC 2.4.1.365 created 2019]
 
 
EC 3.2.1.191     
Accepted name: ginsenosidase type III
Reaction: a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with two glucosyl residues at position 3 + 2 H2O = a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with no glycosidic modification at position 3 + 2 D-glucopyranose (overall reaction)
(1a) a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with two glucosyl residues at position 3 + H2O a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with one glucosyl residue at position 3 + D-glucopyranose
(1b) a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with one glucosyl residue at position 3 + H2O = a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with no glycosidic modification at position 3 + D-glucopyranose
For diagram of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides ginsenosidases, click here
Glossary: ginsenoside Rb1 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
gypenoside XVII = 3β-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
gypenoside LXXV = 20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-ene-3β,12β-diol
Systematic name: protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 3-β-D-hydrolase
Comments: Ginsenosidase type III catalyses the sequential hydrolysis of the 3-O-β-D-(1→2)-glucopyranosyl bond followed by hydrolysis of the 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl bond of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides. When acting for example on ginsenoside Rb1 the enzyme first generates ginsenoside XVII, and subsequently ginsenoside LXXV.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Jin, X.F., Yu, H.S., Wang, D.M., Liu, T.Q., Liu, C.Y., An, D.S., Im, W.T., Kim, S.G. and Jin, F.X. Kinetics of a cloned special ginsenosidase hydrolyzing 3-O-glucoside of multi-protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, named ginsenosidase type III. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 22 (2012) 343–351. [PMID: 22450790]
2.  An, D.S., Cui, C.H., Lee, H.G., Wang, L., Kim, S.C., Lee, S.T., Jin, F., Yu, H., Chin, Y.W., Lee, H.K., Im, W.T. and Kim, S.G. Identification and characterization of a novel Terrabacter ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. β-glucosidase that transforms ginsenoside Rb1 into the rare gypenosides XVII and LXXV. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76 (2010) 5827–5836. [DOI] [PMID: 20622122]
3.  Hong, H., Cui, C.H., Kim, J.K., Jin, F.X., Kim, S.C. and Im, W.T. Enzymatic Biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 and Gypenoside XVII into Ginsenosides Rd and F2 by Recombinant β-glucosidase from Flavobacterium johnsoniae. J Ginseng Res 36 (2012) 418–424. [DOI] [PMID: 23717145]
[EC 3.2.1.191 created 2014]
 
 
EC 3.2.1.192     
Accepted name: ginsenoside Rb1 β-glucosidase
Reaction: ginsenoside Rb1 + 2 H2O = ginsenoside Rg3 + 2 D-glucopyranose (overall reaction)
(1a) ginsenoside Rb1 + H2O = ginsenoside Rd + D-glucopyranose
(1b) ginsenoside Rd + H2O = ginsenoside Rg3 + D-glucopyranose
For diagram of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides ginsenosidases, click here
Glossary: ginsenoside Rb1 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rd = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside F2 = 3β,20-bis(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-en-12β-ol
Systematic name: ginsenoside Rb1 glucohydrolase
Comments: Ginsenosidases catalyse the hydrolysis of glycosyl moieties attached to the C-3, C-6 or C-20 position of ginsenosides. They are specific with respect to the nature of the glycosidic linkage, the position and the order in which the linkages are cleaved. Ginsenoside Rb1 β-glucosidase specifically and sequentially hydrolyses the 20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy] residues attached to position 20 by first hydrolysing the (1→6)-glucosidic bond to generate ginsenoside Rd as an intermediate, followed by hydrolysis of the remaining 20-O-β-D-glucosidic bond.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Yan, Q., Zhou, W., Li, X., Feng, M. and Zhou, P. Purification method improvement and characterization of a novel ginsenoside-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase from Paecilomyces Bainier sp. 229. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 72 (2008) 352–359. [DOI] [PMID: 18256474]
[EC 3.2.1.192 created 2014]
 
 
EC 3.2.1.193     
Accepted name: ginsenosidase type I
Reaction: (1) a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with two glucosyl residues at position 3 + H2O = a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with one glucosyl residue at position 3 + D-glucopyranose
(2) a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with one glucosyl residue at position 3 + H2O = a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with no glycosidic modifications at position 3 + D-glucopyranose
(3) a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with two glycosyl residues at position 20 + H2O = a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with a single glucosyl residue at position 20 + a monosaccharide
For diagram of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides ginsenosidases, click here
Glossary: ginsenoside Rb1 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rb2 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rb3 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rc = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rd = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside F2 = 3β,20-bis(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside C-K = 20β-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-ene-3β,12β-diol
ginsenoside Rh2 = 3β-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-ene-12β,20-diol
Systematic name: ginsenoside glucohydrolase
Comments: Ginsenosidase type I is slightly activated by Mg2+ or Ca2+ [1]. The enzyme hydrolyses the 3-O-β-D-(1→2)-glucosidic bond, the 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl bond and the 20-O-β-D-(1→6)-glycosidic bond of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides. It usually leaves a single glucosyl residue attached at position 20 and one or no glucosyl residues at position 3. Starting with a ginsenoside that is glycosylated at both positions (e.g. ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc or Rd), the most common products are ginsenoside F2 and ginsenoside C-K, with low amounts of ginsenoside Rh2.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Yu, H., Zhang, C., Lu, M., Sun, F., Fu, Y. and Jin, F. Purification and characterization of new special ginsenosidase hydrolyzing multi-glycisides of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, ginsenosidase type I. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 55 (2007) 231–235. [PMID: 17268094]
[EC 3.2.1.193 created 2014]
 
 
EC 3.2.1.195     
Accepted name: 20-O-multi-glycoside ginsenosidase
Reaction: a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with two glycosyl residues at position 20 + H2O = a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside with a single glucosyl residue at position 20 + a monosaccharide
For diagram of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides ginsenosidases, click here
Glossary: ginsenoside Rb1 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rb2 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rb3 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rc = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]-20-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D glucopyranosyloxy]dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rd = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-en-12β-ol
ginsenoside Rg3 = 3β-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-20-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-ene-12β,20-diol
Other name(s): ginsenosidase type II (erroneous)
Systematic name: protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside 20-β-D-glucohydrolase
Comments: The 20-O-multi-glycoside ginsenosidase catalyses the hydrolysis of the 20-O-α-(1→6)-glycosidic bond and the 20-O-β-(1→6)-glycosidic bond of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides. The enzyme usually leaves a single glucosyl residue attached at position 20, although it can cleave the remaining glucosyl residue with a lower efficiency. Starting with a ginsenoside that is glycosylated at positions 3 and 20, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3 and Rc, the most common product is ginsenoside Rd, with a low amount of ginsenoside Rg3 also formed.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Yu, H., Liu, Q., Zhang, C., Lu, M., Fu, Y., Im, W.-T., Lee, S.-T. and Jin, F. A new ginsenosidase from Aspergillus strain hydrolyzing 20-O-multi-glycoside of PPD ginsenoside. Process Biochem. 44 (2009) 772–775.
[EC 3.2.1.195 created 2014]
 
 


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