The Enzyme Database

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EC 1.1.1.41     
Accepted name: isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+)
Reaction: isocitrate + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADH
For diagram of the citric-acid cycle, click here
Glossary: isocitrate = (1R,2S)-1-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (previously known as threo-Ds-isocitrate)
Other name(s): isocitric dehydrogenase; β-ketoglutaric-isocitric carboxylase; isocitric acid dehydrogenase; NAD dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase; NAD isocitrate dehydrogenase; NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase; NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase; NAD isocitric dehydrogenase; isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD); IDH (ambiguous); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide isocitrate dehydrogenase
Systematic name: isocitrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: Requires Mn2+ or Mg2+ for activity. Unlike EC 1.1.1.42, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+), oxalosuccinate cannot be used as a substrate. In eukaryotes, isocitrate dehydrogenase exists in two forms: an NAD+-linked enzyme found only in mitochondria and displaying allosteric properties, and a non-allosteric, NADP+-linked enzyme that is found in both mitochondria and cytoplasm [7]. The enzyme from some species can also use NADP+ but much more slowly [9].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9001-58-5
References:
1.  Hathaway, J.A. and Atkinson, D.E. The effect of adenylic acid on yeast nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide isocitrate dehydrogenase, a possible metabolic control mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 238 (1963) 2875–2881. [PMID: 14063317]
2.  Kornberg, A. and Pricer, W.E. Di- and triphosphopyridine nucleotide isocitric dehydrogenase in yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 189 (1951) 123–136. [PMID: 14832224]
3.  Plaut, G.W.E. Isocitrate dehydrogenases. In: Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrbäck, K. (Ed.), The Enzymes, 2nd edn, vol. 7, Academic Press, New York, 1963, pp. 105–126.
4.  Plaut, G.W.E. and Sung, S.-C. Diphosphopyridine nucleotide isocitric dehydrogenase from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 207 (1954) 305–314. [PMID: 13152105]
5.  Ramakrishnan, C.V. and Martin, S.M. Isocitric dehydrogenase in Aspergillus niger. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 55 (1955) 403–407.
6.  Vickery, H.B. A suggested new nomenclature for the isomers of isocitric acid. J. Biol. Chem. 237 (1962) 1739–1741. [PMID: 13925783]
7.  Camacho, M.L., Brown, R.A., Bonete, M.J., Danson, M.J. and Hough, D.W. Isocitrate dehydrogenases from Haloferax volcanii and Sulfolobus solfataricus: enzyme purification, characterisation and N-terminal sequence. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 134 (1995) 85–90. [DOI] [PMID: 8593959]
8.  Kim, Y.O., Koh, H.J., Kim, S.H., Jo, S.H., Huh, J.W., Jeong, K.S., Lee, I.J., Song, B.J. and Huh, T.L. Identification and functional characterization of a novel, tissue-specific NAD+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase β subunit isoform. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 36866–36875. [DOI] [PMID: 10601238]
9.  Inoue, H., Tamura, T., Ehara, N., Nishito, A., Nakayama, Y., Maekawa, M., Imada, K., Tanaka, H. and Inagaki, K. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the NAD+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from the chemolithotroph Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 214 (2002) 127–132. [DOI] [PMID: 12204383]
[EC 1.1.1.41 created 1961, modified 2005]
 
 
EC 1.1.1.42     
Accepted name: isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Reaction: isocitrate + NADP+ = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (overall reaction)
(1a) isocitrate + NADP+ = oxalosuccinate + NADPH + H+
(1b) oxalosuccinate = 2-oxoglutarate + CO2
For diagram of the citric-acid cycle, click here
Glossary: isocitrate = (1R,2S)-1-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (previously known as threo-Ds-isocitrate)
oxalosuccinate = 1-oxopropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Other name(s): oxalosuccinate decarboxylase; oxalsuccinic decarboxylase; isocitrate (NADP) dehydrogenase; isocitrate (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dehydrogenase; NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase; NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase; NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase; NADP isocitric dehydrogenase; isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-dependent); NADP-dependent isocitric dehydrogenase; triphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase-oxalosuccinate carboxylase; NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase; IDH (ambiguous); dual-cofactor-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase; NADP+-ICDH; NADP+-IDH; IDP; IDP1; IDP2; IDP3
Systematic name: isocitrate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)
Comments: Requires Mn2+ or Mg2+ for activity. Unlike EC 1.1.1.41, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+), oxalosuccinate can be used as a substrate. In eukaryotes, isocitrate dehydrogenase exists in two forms: an NAD+-linked enzyme found only in mitochondria and displaying allosteric properties, and a non-allosteric, NADP+-linked enzyme that is found in both mitochondria and cytoplasm [6]. The enzyme from some species can also use NAD+ but much more slowly [6,7].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9028-48-2
References:
1.  Agosin, M.U. and Weinbach, E.C. Partial purification and characterization of the isocitric dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 21 (1956) 117–126. [DOI] [PMID: 13363868]
2.  Moyle, J. and Dixon, M. Purification of the isocitrate enzyme (triphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase-oxalosuccinate carboxylase). Biochem. J. 63 (1956) 548–552. [PMID: 13355848]
3.  Plaut, G.W.E. Isocitrate dehydrogenases. In: Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrbäck, K. (Ed.), The Enzymes, 2nd edn, vol. 7, Academic Press, New York, 1963, pp. 105–126.
4.  Siebert, G., Dubuc, J., Warner, R.C. and Plaut, G.W.E. The preparation of isocitrate dehydrogenase from mammalian heart. J. Biol. Chem. 226 (1957) 965–975. [PMID: 13438885]
5.  Vickery, H.B. A suggested new nomenclature for the isomers of isocitric acid. J. Biol. Chem. 237 (1962) 1739–1741. [PMID: 13925783]
6.  Camacho, M.L., Brown, R.A., Bonete, M.J., Danson, M.J. and Hough, D.W. Isocitrate dehydrogenases from Haloferax volcanii and Sulfolobus solfataricus: enzyme purification, characterisation and N-terminal sequence. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 134 (1995) 85–90. [DOI] [PMID: 8593959]
7.  Steen, I.H., Lien, T. and Birkeland, N.-K. Biochemical and phylogenetic characterization of isocitrate dehydrogenase from a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Arch. Microbiol. 168 (1997) 412–420. [PMID: 9325430]
8.  Koh, H.J., Lee, S.M., Son, B.G., Lee, S.H., Ryoo, Z.Y., Chang, K.T., Park, J.W., Park, D.C., Song, B.J., Veech, R.L., Song, H. and Huh, T.L. Cytosolic NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase plays a key role in lipid metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 39968–39974. [DOI] [PMID: 15254034]
9.  Ceccarelli, C., Grodsky, N.B., Ariyaratne, N., Colman, R.F. and Bahnson, B.J. Crystal structure of porcine mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase complexed with Mn2+ and isocitrate. Insights into the enzyme mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 43454–43462. [DOI] [PMID: 12207025]
[EC 1.1.1.42 created 1961, modified 2005]
 
 
EC 6.4.1.7     
Accepted name: 2-oxoglutarate carboxylase
Reaction: ATP + 2-oxoglutarate + HCO3- = ADP + phosphate + oxalosuccinate
For diagram of reaction, click here
Glossary: oxalosuccinate = 1-oxopropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Other name(s): oxalosuccinate synthetase; carboxylating factor for ICDH (incorrect); CFI; OGC
Comments: A biotin-containing enzyme that requires Mg2+ for activity. It was originally thought [1] that this enzyme was a promoting factor for the carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate by EC 1.1.1.41, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+), but this has since been disproved [2]. The product of the reaction is unstable and is quickly converted into isocitrate by the action of EC 1.1.1.41 [2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 60382-75-4
References:
1.  Aoshima, M., Ishii, M. and Igarashi, Y. A novel biotin protein required for reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate by isocitrate dehydrogenase in Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6. Mol. Microbiol. 51 (2004) 791–798. [DOI] [PMID: 14731279]
2.  Aoshima, M. and Igarashi, Y. A novel oxalosuccinate-forming enzyme involved in the reductive carboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate in Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6. Mol. Microbiol. 62 (2006) 748–759. [DOI] [PMID: 17076668]
[EC 6.4.1.7 created 2006]
 
 


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