The Enzyme Database

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EC 1.2.1.94     
Accepted name: farnesal dehydrogenase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesal + NAD+ + H2O = (2E,6E)-farnesoate + NADH + 2 H+
For diagram of juvenile hormone biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: farnesal = 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trienal
farnesoate = 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trienoate
Other name(s): AaALDH3
Systematic name: farnesal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Invoved in juvenile hormone production in insects. The enzyme was described from the corpora allata of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) and Aedes aegypti (dengue mosquito).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Madhavan, K., Conscience-Egli, M., Sieber, F. and Ursprung, H. Farnesol metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster: ontogeny and tissue distribution of octanol dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase. J. Insect Physiol. 19 (1973) 235–241. [DOI] [PMID: 4631837]
2.  Baker, F.C., Mauchamp, B., Tsai, L.W. and Schooley, D.A. Farnesol and farnesal dehydrogenase(s) in corpora allata of the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta. J. Lipid Res. 24 (1983) 1586–1594. [PMID: 6366103]
3.  Rivera-Perez, C., Nouzova, M., Clifton, M.E., Garcia, E.M., LeBlanc, E. and Noriega, F.G. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 converts farnesal into farnesoic acid in the corpora allata of mosquitoes. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 43 (2013) 675–682. [DOI] [PMID: 23639754]
[EC 1.2.1.94 created 2015]
 
 
EC 1.14.13.202      
Transferred entry: methyl farnesoate epoxidase. Now EC 1.14.14.127, methyl farnesoate epoxidase
[EC 1.14.13.202 created 2015, deleted 2018]
 
 
EC 1.14.13.203      
Transferred entry: farnesoate epoxidase. Now EC 1.14.14.128, farnesoate epoxidase
[EC 1.14.13.203 created 2015, deleted 2018]
 
 
EC 1.14.14.127     
Accepted name: methyl farnesoate epoxidase
Reaction: methyl (2E,6E)-farnesoate + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = juvenile hormone III + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
For diagram of juvenile hormone biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: juvenile hormone III = methyl (2E,6E,10R)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6-dienoate
Other name(s): CYP15A1
Systematic name: methyl (2E,6E)-farnesoate,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The enzyme, found in insects except for Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) is specific for methyl farnesoate (cf. EC 1.14.14.128, farnesoate epoxidase) [1,2].
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Helvig, C., Koener, J.F., Unnithan, G.C. and Feyereisen, R. CYP15A1, the cytochrome P450 that catalyzes epoxidation of methyl farnesoate to juvenile hormone III in cockroach corpora allata. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004) 4024–4029. [DOI] [PMID: 15024118]
2.  Daimon, T. and Shinoda, T. Function, diversity, and application of insect juvenile hormone epoxidases (CYP15). Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 60 (2013) 82–91. [DOI] [PMID: 23586995]
[EC 1.14.14.127 created 2015 as EC 1.14.13.202, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.127]
 
 
EC 1.14.14.128     
Accepted name: farnesoate epoxidase
Reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesoate + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = juvenile-hormone-III carboxylate + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
For diagram of juvenile hormone biosynthesis, click here
Glossary: juvenile-hormone-III carboxylate = (2E,6E,10R)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6-dienoate
Other name(s): CYP15C1
Systematic name: (2E,6E)-farnesoate,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase
Comments: A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The enzyme, found in Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), is specific for farnesoate (cf. EC 1.14.14.127, methyl farnesoate epoxidase) [1,2]. It is involved in the synthesis of juvenile hormone.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Daimon, T., Kozaki, T., Niwa, R., Kobayashi, I., Furuta, K., Namiki, T., Uchino, K., Banno, Y., Katsuma, S., Tamura, T., Mita, K., Sezutsu, H., Nakayama, M., Itoyama, K., Shimada, T. and Shinoda, T. Precocious metamorphosis in the juvenile hormone-deficient mutant of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. PLoS Genet. 8:e1002486 (2012). [DOI] [PMID: 22412378]
2.  Daimon, T. and Shinoda, T. Function, diversity, and application of insect juvenile hormone epoxidases (CYP15). Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 60 (2013) 82–91. [DOI] [PMID: 23586995]
[EC 1.14.14.128 created 2015 as EC 1.14.13.203, transferred 2018 to EC 1.14.14.128]
 
 
EC 2.1.1.325     
Accepted name: juvenile hormone-III synthase
Reaction: (1) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (2E,6E)-farnesoate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methyl (2E,6E)-farnesoate
(2) S-adenosyl-L-methionine + juvenile hormone III acid = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + juvenile hormone III
Glossary: juvenile hormone III = methyl (2E,6E,10R)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6-dienoate
juvenile hormone III acid = (2E,6E,10R)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6-dienoate
Other name(s): farnesoic acid methyltransferase; juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase; JHAMT
Systematic name: S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(2E,6E)-farnesoate O-methyltransferase
Comments: The enzyme, found in insects, is involved in the synthesis of juvenile hormone III, a sesquiterpenoid that regulates several processes including embryonic development, metamorphosis, and reproduction, in many insect species.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc
References:
1.  Shinoda, T. and Itoyama, K. Juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase: a key regulatory enzyme for insect metamorphosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 (2003) 11986–11991. [DOI] [PMID: 14530389]
2.  Defelipe, L.A., Dolghih, E., Roitberg, A.E., Nouzova, M., Mayoral, J.G., Noriega, F.G. and Turjanski, A.G. Juvenile hormone synthesis: "esterify then epoxidize" or "epoxidize then esterify"? Insights from the structural characterization of juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 41 (2011) 228–235. [DOI] [PMID: 21195763]
3.  Van Ekert, E., Heylen, K., Rouge, P., Powell, C.A., Shatters, R.G., Jr., Smagghe, G. and Borovsky, D. Aedes aegypti juvenile hormone acid methyl transferase, the ultimate enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of juvenile hormone III, exhibits substrate control. J. Insect Physiol. 64 (2014) 62–73. [DOI] [PMID: 24657668]
4.  Van Ekert, E., Shatters, R.G., Jr., Rouge, P., Powell, C.A., Smagghe, G. and Borovsky, D. Cloning and expressing a highly functional and substrate specific farnesoic acid o-methyltransferase from the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama). FEBS Open Bio 5 (2015) 264–275. [DOI] [PMID: 25893162]
[EC 2.1.1.325 created 2016]
 
 


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