The Enzyme Database

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EC 1.14.13.32     
Accepted name: albendazole monooxygenase
Reaction: albendazole + NADPH + H+ + O2 = albendazole S-oxide + NADP+ + H2O
For diagram of albendazole metabolism, click here
Glossary: albendazole = methyl [5-(propylsulfanyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate
Other name(s): albendazole oxidase (misleading); albendazole sulfoxidase (ambiguous); FMO3 (gene name); albendazole monooxygenase (flavin-containing)
Systematic name: albendazole,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (sulfoxide-forming)
Comments: A microsomal flavin-containing monooxygenase. A similar conversion is also carried out by some microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes [EC 1.14.14.73, albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming)]. It is estimated that cytochrome P-450s are responsible for 70% of the activity.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 101299-59-6
References:
1.  Fargetton, X., Galtier, P. and Delatour, P. Sulfoxidation of albendazole by a cytochrome P450-independent monooxygenase from rat liver microsomes. Vet. Res. Commun. 10 (1986) 317–324. [PMID: 3739217]
2.  Moroni, P., Buronfosse, T., Longin-Sauvageon, C., Delatour, P. and Benoit, E. Chiral sulfoxidation of albendazole by the flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing and cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases from rat liver microsomes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 23 (1995) 160–165. [PMID: 7736906]
3.  Rawden, H.C., Kokwaro, G.O., Ward, S.A. and Edwards, G. Relative contribution of cytochromes P-450 and flavin-containing monoxygenases to the metabolism of albendazole by human liver microsomes. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 49 (2000) 313–322. [PMID: 10759686]
[EC 1.14.13.32 created 1989, modified 2018]
 
 
EC 1.14.13.157      
Transferred entry: 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. Now EC 1.14.14.56, 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase
[EC 1.14.13.157 created 2012, deleted 2017]
 
 
EC 1.14.14.56     
Accepted name: 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase
Reaction: 1,8-cineole + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 2-exo-hydroxy-1,8-cineole + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
For diagram of 1,8-cineole catabolism, click here
Glossary: 1,8-cineole = 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
2-exo-hydroxy-1,8-cineole = (1R,4S,6S)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-6-ol
Other name(s): CYP3A4
Systematic name: 1,8-cineole,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-exo-hydroxylating)
Comments: A cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) protein. The mammalian enzyme, expressed in liver microsomes, performs a variety of oxidation reactions of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. cf. EC 1.14.14.55, quinine 3-monooxygenase, EC 1.14.14.57, taurochenodeoxycholate 6-hydroxylase and EC 1.14.14.73, albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Miyazawa, M., Shindo, M. and Shimada, T. Oxidation of 1,8-cineole, the monoterpene cyclic ether originated from Eucalyptus polybractea, by cytochrome P450 3A enzymes in rat and human liver microsomes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 29 (2001) 200–205. [PMID: 11159812]
2.  Miyazawa, M. and Shindo, M. Biotransformation of 1,8-cineole by human liver microsomes. Nat. Prod. Lett. 15 (2001) 49–53. [DOI] [PMID: 11547423]
3.  Miyazawa, M., Shindo, M. and Shimada, T. Roles of cytochrome P450 3A enzymes in the 2-hydroxylation of 1,4-cineole, a monoterpene cyclic ether, by rat and human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 31 (2001) 713–723. [DOI] [PMID: 11695850]
[EC 1.14.14.56 created 2012 as EC 1.14.13.157, transferred 2017 to EC 1.14.14.56, modified 2018]
 
 
EC 1.14.14.73     
Accepted name: albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming)
Reaction: (1) albendazole + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = albendazole S-oxide + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
(2) fenbendazole + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = fenbendazole S-oxide + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
For diagram of albendazole metabolism, click here
Glossary: albendazole = methyl [5-(propylsulfanyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate
fenbendazole = methyl [5-(phenylsulfanyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate
Other name(s): albendazole sulfoxidase (ambiguous); albendazole hydroxylase (ambiguous); CYP3A4 (gene name); CYP2J2 (gene name); CYP1A2 (gene name)
Systematic name: albendazole,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (sulfoxide-forming)
Comments: This is one of the activities carried out by some microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases. A similar conversion is also carried out by a different microsomal enzyme (EC 1.14.13.32, albendazole monooxygenase (flavin-containing)), but it is estimated that cytochrome P-450s are responsible for 70% of the activity.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9059-22-7
References:
1.  Moroni, P., Buronfosse, T., Longin-Sauvageon, C., Delatour, P. and Benoit, E. Chiral sulfoxidation of albendazole by the flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing and cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases from rat liver microsomes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 23 (1995) 160–165. [PMID: 7736906]
2.  Rawden, H.C., Kokwaro, G.O., Ward, S.A. and Edwards, G. Relative contribution of cytochromes P-450 and flavin-containing monoxygenases to the metabolism of albendazole by human liver microsomes. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 49 (2000) 313–322. [PMID: 10759686]
3.  Asteinza, J., Camacho-Carranza, R., Reyes-Reyes, R.E., Dorado-Gonzalez, V., V. and Espinosa-Aguirre, J.J. Induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes by albendazole treatment in the rat. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 9 (2000) 31–37. [PMID: 11137466]
4.  Lee, C.A., Neul, D., Clouser-Roche, A., Dalvie, D., Wester, M.R., Jiang, Y., Jones, J.P., 3rd, Freiwald, S., Zientek, M. and Totah, R.A. Identification of novel substrates for human cytochrome P450 2J2. Drug Metab. Dispos. 38 (2010) 347–356. [DOI] [PMID: 19923256]
5.  Wu, Z., Lee, D., Joo, J., Shin, J.H., Kang, W., Oh, S., Lee, D.Y., Lee, S.J., Yea, S.S., Lee, H.S., Lee, T. and Liu, K.H. CYP2J2 and CYP2C19 are the major enzymes responsible for metabolism of albendazole and fenbendazole in human liver microsomes and recombinant P450 assay systems. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 (2013) 5448–5456. [DOI] [PMID: 23959307]
[EC 1.14.14.73 created 2018]
 
 
EC 1.14.14.74     
Accepted name: albendazole monooxygenase (hydroxylating)
Reaction: albendazole + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = hydroxyalbendazole + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
For diagram of albendazole metabolism, click here
Glossary: albendazole = methyl [5-(propylsulfanyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate
hydroxyalbendazole = methyl [5-(3-hydroxypropylsulfanyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate
Other name(s): CYP2J2 (gene name)
Systematic name: albendazole,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)
Comments: CYP2J2 is a microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase that catalyses the hydroxylation of the terminal carbon of the propylsulfanyl chain in albendazole, a broad-spectrum anthelmintic used against gastrointestinal nematodes and the larval stages of cestodes. cf. EC 1.14.14.73, albendazole monooxygenase (sulfoxide-forming).
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Wu, Z., Lee, D., Joo, J., Shin, J.H., Kang, W., Oh, S., Lee, D.Y., Lee, S.J., Yea, S.S., Lee, H.S., Lee, T. and Liu, K.H. CYP2J2 and CYP2C19 are the major enzymes responsible for metabolism of albendazole and fenbendazole in human liver microsomes and recombinant P450 assay systems. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 (2013) 5448–5456. [DOI] [PMID: 23959307]
[EC 1.14.14.74 created 2018]
 
 
EC 1.14.14.75     
Accepted name: fenbendazole monooxygenase (4′-hydroxylating)
Reaction: fenbendazole + [reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 4′-hydroxyfenbendazole + [oxidized NADPH—hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
For diagram of albendazole metabolism, click here
Glossary: fenbendazole = methyl [5-(phenylsulfanyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate
4′-hydroxyfenbendazole = methyl [5-(4-hydroxyphenylsulfanyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate
albendazole = methyl [5-(propylsulfanyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamate
Other name(s): CYP2C19 (gene name)
Systematic name: fenbendazole,[reduced NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (4′-hydroxylating)
Comments: CYP2C19 is microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase that catalyses the hydroxylation of the benzene ring of fenbendazole, a broad-spectrum anthelmintic used against gastrointestinal nematodes and the larval stages of cestodes. This activity is also carried out by CYP2J2. cf. EC 1.14.14.74, albendazole monooxygenase (hydroxylating). CYP2C19 does not act on albendazole.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB
References:
1.  Wu, Z., Lee, D., Joo, J., Shin, J.H., Kang, W., Oh, S., Lee, D.Y., Lee, S.J., Yea, S.S., Lee, H.S., Lee, T. and Liu, K.H. CYP2J2 and CYP2C19 are the major enzymes responsible for metabolism of albendazole and fenbendazole in human liver microsomes and recombinant P450 assay systems. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 (2013) 5448–5456. [DOI] [PMID: 23959307]
[EC 1.14.14.75 created 2018]
 
 


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