EC |
1.13.12.7 |
Accepted name: |
firefly luciferase |
Reaction: |
D-firefly luciferin + O2 + ATP = firefly oxyluciferin + CO2 + AMP + diphosphate + hν |
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For diagram of reaction, click here |
Glossary: |
D-firefly luciferin = Photinus-luciferin = (S)-4,5-dihydro-2-(6-hydroxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)thiazole-4-carboxylate
firefly oxyluciferin = 4,5-dihydro-2-(6-hydroxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)thiazol-4-one |
Other name(s): |
Photinus-luciferin 4-monooxygenase (ATP-hydrolysing); luciferase (firefly luciferin); Photinus luciferin 4-monooxygenase (adenosine triphosphate-hydrolyzing); firefly luciferin luciferase; Photinus pyralis luciferase; Photinus-luciferin:oxygen 4-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, ATP-hydrolysing) |
Systematic name: |
D-firefly luciferin:oxygen 4-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating, ATP-hydrolysing) |
Comments: |
The enzyme, which is found in fireflies (Lampyridae), is responsible for their biolouminescence. The reaction begins with the formation of an acid anhydride between the carboxylic group of D-firefly luciferin and AMP, with the release of diphosphate. An oxygenation follows, with release of the AMP group and formation of a very short-lived peroxide that cyclizes into a dioxetanone structure, which collapses, releasing a CO2 molecule. The spontaneous breakdown of the dioxetanone (rather than the hydrolysis of the adenylate) releases the energy (about 50 kcal/mole) that is necessary to generate the excited state of oxyluciferin. The excited luciferin then emits a photon, returning to its ground state. The enzyme has a secondary acyl-CoA ligase activity when acting on L-firefly luciferin (see EC 6.2.1.52). |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 61970-00-1 |
References: |
1. |
Green, A. A. and McElroy, W. D. Crystalline firefly luciferase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 20 (1956) 170–176. [DOI] [PMID: 13315363] |
2. |
White, E.H., McCapra, F., Field, G.F. and McElroy, W.D. The structure and synthesis of firefly luciferin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83 (1961) 2402–2403. |
3. |
Hopkins, T.A., Seliger, H.H., White, E.H. and Cass, M.W. The chemiluminescence of firefly luciferin. A model for the bioluminescent reaction and identification of the product excited state. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 7148–7150. [PMID: 6064360] |
4. |
White, E.H., Rapaport, E., Hopkins, T.A. and Seliger, H.H. Chemi- and bioluminescence of firefly luciferin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (1969) 2178–2180. [PMID: 5784183] |
5. |
Koo, J.A., Schmidt, S.P. and Schuster, G.B. Bioluminescence of the firefly: key steps in the formation of the electronically excited state for model systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75 (1978) 30–33. [DOI] [PMID: 272645] |
6. |
de Wet, J.R., Wood, K.V., Helinski, D.R. and DeLuca, M. Cloning of firefly luciferase cDNA and the expression of active luciferase in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82 (1985) 7870–7873. [DOI] [PMID: 3906652] |
7. |
Nakamura, M., Maki, S., Amano, Y., Ohkita, Y., Niwa, K., Hirano, T., Ohmiya, Y. and Niwa, H. Firefly luciferase exhibits bimodal action depending on the luciferin chirality. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 331 (2005) 471–475. [DOI] [PMID: 15850783] |
8. |
Sundlov, J.A., Fontaine, D.M., Southworth, T.L., Branchini, B.R. and Gulick, A.M. Crystal structure of firefly luciferase in a second catalytic conformation supports a domain alternation mechanism. Biochemistry 51 (2012) 6493–6495. [DOI] [PMID: 22852753] |
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[EC 1.13.12.7 created 1976, modified 1981, modified 1982, modified 2017] |
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EC |
6.2.1.52 |
Accepted name: |
L-firefly luciferin—CoA ligase |
Reaction: |
ATP + L-firefly luciferin + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + L-firefly luciferyl-CoA |
Glossary: |
L-firefly luciferin = (R)-4,5-dihydro-2-(6-hydroxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)thiazole-4-carboxylate |
Other name(s): |
LUC |
Systematic name: |
(R)-4,5-dihydro-2-(6-hydroxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)thiazole-4-carboxylate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming) |
Comments: |
This is an alternative activity of the firefly luciferase (EC 1.13.12.7), which the enzyme exhibits under normal conditions only when acting on the L-enantiomer of its substrate. The D-isomer can act as a substrate for the CoA—ligase activity in vitro only under low oxygen conditions that are not found in vivo. The activation of L-firefly luciferin to a CoA ester is a step in a recycling pathway that results in its epimerization to the D enantiomer, which is the only substrate whose oxygenation results in light emission. |
Links to other databases: |
BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, MetaCyc |
References: |
1. |
Fraga, H., Esteves da Silva, J.C. and Fontes, R. Identification of luciferyl adenylate and luciferyl coenzyme a synthesized by firefly luciferase. ChemBioChem 5 (2004) 110–115. [DOI] [PMID: 14695520] |
2. |
Nakamura, M., Maki, S., Amano, Y., Ohkita, Y., Niwa, K., Hirano, T., Ohmiya, Y. and Niwa, H. Firefly luciferase exhibits bimodal action depending on the luciferin chirality. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 331 (2005) 471–475. [DOI] [PMID: 15850783] |
3. |
Viviani, V.R., Scorsato, V., Prado, R.A., Pereira, J.G., Niwa, K., Ohmiya, Y. and Barbosa, J.A. The origin of luciferase activity in Zophobas mealworm AMP/CoA-ligase (protoluciferase): luciferin stereoselectivity as a switch for the oxygenase activity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 9 (2010) 1111–1119. [DOI] [PMID: 20526507] |
4. |
Maeda, J., Kato, D.I., Okuda, M., Takeo, M., Negoro, S., Arima, K., Ito, Y. and Niwa, K. Biosynthesis-inspired deracemizative production of D-luciferin by combining luciferase and thioesterase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1861 (2017) 2112–2118. [DOI] [PMID: 28454735] |
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[EC 6.2.1.52 created 2017] |
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